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Microbiology 1
Tortora Funke Case 11ed. Ch 1-5
| Q | A |
|---|---|
| What are BACTERIA? | Single celled, no nuclear membrane, 1-10micrometers, prokaryotes |
| Bacillus | rod-like bacteria |
| Bacillus anthracis causes? | Anthrax |
| Coccus | spherical bacteria |
| spirillum | spiral shaped bacteria |
| What kind of cell walls do BACTERIA have? | Made of peptidoglycan |
| HOw do bacteria reproduce? | Produce 2 equal daughter cells |
| What are ARCHAEA? | ancient bacteria-like prokaryote, lack peptidoglycan in cell walls, 1-10 micrometers in size, live in extreme environments, |
| What are FUNGI? | eukaryotes, can be uni or multicellular, 10-100 micrometers, good decomposers, can't photosynthesize |
| What are fungi's cell walls made of? | Chitin |
| What is a prokaryote? | Defined as having no true nucleus |
| What is an eukaryote? | Has a true nucleus |
| Do archaea cause disease? | Nope |
| Do bacteria cause disease? | Sometimes |
| Do fungi cause disease? | most are beneficial, some can be pathogenic |
| What are PROTOZOA? How do they move? Can they live on their own? | Unicellular eukaryotes, 10-100 micrometers, move by flagella or cilla. Live on their own as parasites? |
| What are ALGAE? What are their cell walls made of? How do they eat? What is their byproduct? | multi or unicellular eukaryotes with cellulose making up their cell walls. 10-100 micrometers in size. They photosynthesize their food. Produce O2 and carbohydrates, typically not harmful |
| What are VIRUSES? What is their core made of? How can you see them? How do they reproduce? | non cellular things, 30-100 micrometers, simple core made of nucleic acid and protein. Need Electron microscope to see them. Reproduce by infecting other cells |
| What are some important viral diseases? | HIV, Smallpox, Measles, Polio |
| What is a parasitic worm/helminth? | Multicellular worms including flat and round worms, (tape worm, hookworm) have some microscopic life stages |
| What did Greek physician Hippocrates do? | Associated symptoms w/ illness and observed that disease can be transmitted from person to person through clothing |
| What did Greek historian Thucydides do? | Observed properties of immunity |
| What did Roman scholar Varro do? | Suggested that invisible animals enter the body through nose/mouth to cause disease |
| Robert Hooke-1665 | built compound microscope, desc. cells in cork slices |
| Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) | built more than 250 microscopes (magnifying glass) observed/reported bacteria, protozoa, algae, and yeast, describes "animalcules" |
| Spontaneous Generation | belief that living orgs. can arise from nonliving material |
| Why is S.G. debate important to dev. of microbiology? | until settled, no reason to study or believe that microorganisms could transmit disease |
| Francesco Redi, Italian Physician-1668 | demonstrated that maggots do NOT arise from rotting meat unless flies lay eggs, but maybe smaller orgs could develop spontaneously |
| John Needham, English-1745 | boiled broth, poured into covered flasks, broth dev. microorganisms, dev "spontaneously" |
| Lazzaro Spallanzani-1765 | covered, then poiled flasks of broth, no microorganisms, critics say O2 necessary for life |
| Louis Pasteur | boiled broth in glass flasks w/ swan necks, microorganisms could not enter, but O2 could, when left alone, no growth, when tipped, orgs. grew |
| Who developed concept of germs? | Pasteur |
| Who discovered fermentation? What is it? | Louis Pasteur, microorganisms break down natural sugars w/p air |
| Why does wine sour into vinegar? | Yeasts in fruit convert sugar in fruit to alcohol, but bacteria compete w/ yeasts for sugar and then produce vinegar |
| What is Pasteurization? | Dev. by Pasteur to prevent wine from souring, heat wine slowly for 30 minutes w/o O2 to kill bacteria |
| Who discovered the Pebrine disease of silkworms? Why was this important for microbiology? | Pasteur discovered that a fungus causes the disease, First instance that a definable microbe transmits disease from one thing to another |
| How did Robert Koch contribute to the Germ theory of disease? | He discovered what was causing anthrax disease, cultured Bacillus anthracis from dead cattle, injected cultured bacteria into healthy animals, became sick and died, removed same kind of bacteria from second group of dead animals |
| Ignaz Phillip Semmelweis-1840 | noticed connection btwn autopsies and childbirth fever, required doctors to disinfect their hands with chloride of lime, death rate fell from 9.9-1.3 % in 2 years |
| Joseph Lister- 1890's | Began treating surgical wounds, instruments, dressings with phenol-> fewer infections/deaths |
| Alexander Fleming-1928 | discovered penicillin |
| Edward Jenner-1796 | developed idea of vaccination by infecting w/ cow pox to prevent small pox |
| What kind of pathogen causes "anthrax"? | Bacillus anthracis |
| Why should we remember Louis Pasteur? | He created pasteurization and cured the silk worm, contributed to understanding fo disease transmission and germ theory of disease |
| What is atomic number? | Number of protons in nucleus |
| What is atomic weight? | number of protons and neutrons |
| What is an element? | Substance cannot be decomposed into simpler composition, all atoms behave same way chemically, have same # protons, 92 naturally occuring elements |
| What are most abundant elements in living organisms? | H, O, C, N |
| What is an isotope | Atom w/ different # of neutrons in nucleus |
| How many electrons in each shell? | 2 in inner, 8 in second and third, 18 in 4th, 5h, and 6th |
| Why is electron configuration important for understanding elemental behavior? | Atoms interact chemically to fill outer most shell so they can be stable |
| What is valance? | The combining capacity of an atom, the number of extra/missing electrons |
| What is a chemical compound? | Substance composed of 2+ different elements, result of atoms combining to fill outer e- shell |
| What is a chemical bond? | the attractive force between atoms forming a molecule |
| What is an ionic bond? | bond formed due to gain/loss of electrons, weaker than covalent bond |
| What is a covalent bond? | Shared electrons create this bond, more stable and strong |
| What is a hydrogen bond? | Very weak bond, occurs when a hydrogen atom (covalently bonded to one O or N atom) is attracted to another O or N atom |
| What is molecular weight? | The sum of the atomic weights of all atoms in a molecule |
| What is a mole? | molecular weight in grams |
| What is a synthesis reaction? | anabolism, A+B=AB |
| What is a decomposition reaction? | catabolism, AB= A + B |
| Exchange reactions | Synthesis, decomposition, AB+CD=AD+BC |
| What factors affect chemical reactions? | Heat, collision, enzymes |
| What are enzymes? Why are they important? | Complex proteins that serve as bio. catalysts, can speed up rxn w/o being altered, allow for chemical changes in living things |
| What is an inorganic compound? | small, simple, lack carbon, usually form ionic bonds |
| What is an Organic compound? | Contain C and H, usually held together by covalent bonds, usually complex (protein, glucose, sugars) |
| How much water in a cell? | Average 65-75% |
| Why is water special? | polar molecule, strong attraction, high boiling point, excellent solvent, important for life |
| What is an acid? pH level? | substance that dissociates into negative ions and hydrogen ions (H+) (proton donor) 0-7 |
| What is a base? | substance that dissociates into cations and hydroxide ions (OH-) proton acceptor 7-14 |
| What is a salt? | substance that dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH- |
| What is pH? | Measures acidity, potential of Hydrogen, expressed in log scale, 10 fold changes |
| Why is pH important to microbiology? | Certain organisms can only live in certain pH ranges, food preservation and disinfectants |
| What are the 5 organic compounds? | Alcohols, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids |
| What is an Alcohol? | have a carbon skeleton, covalently bonded to a hydroxyl group -OH |
| What is a carbohydrate? | Sugars and starches |
| What are lipids? | Fats (C, H, O) non polar molecules (not water soluble), important components of cell membranes, glycerol and fatty acids are combined through dehydration synthesis |
| What are proteins? | (C, H, O, N, S) building blocks of cells, 50% cells is proteins, strings of AA linked by dehydration synthesis |
| What is nucleic acid? | DNA- made of nucleotide units (sugar, phospate, purine AG/pyrimidine TC base) RNA, genetic code of all cells/viruses, |
| What is dehydration synthesis? | Joining of two monomers, resulting in removal of H+ from one and -OH from another, resulting in the new polymer and water (water is removed) |
| What is hydrolysis? | a polymer is broken down into two monomers when H2O is added |
| What is a phospholipid? | COmbines glycerol, fatty acids, and a phospate group, has hydrophobic/hydrophillic side to form cell membranes |
| What are the protein structures | Primary- strings called polypeptides Secondary- strings can form helix/pleated shet Tertiary- strings can fold and form disulfide bridges btwn cysteine units Quaternary- 2+ polypeptides joined in complex folded unit |
| What is the pH of Tomato juice? | Acidic, 4 |
| T/F: An enzyme is a lipid | False, enzymes are proteins |
| What are the building blocks of DNA? | Nucleotides- sugar, phospate group, and Purine AG, or Pyrimidine TC |
| What causes scarlet fever? | Group A Streptococcus |
| What are 2 symptoms of scarlet fever? | Fever of 101+, sore throat |
| Where can the scarlet fever pathogen be found? | In the nose, throat, and mouth |
| What is the treatment for scarlet fever? | 10 days of antibiotics |
| What are two complications of scarlet fever? | Middle ear infection, rheumatic fever |
| Joseph Jackson Lister- 1826 did what? | Developed first modern compound microscope |
| What are these parts in a compound microscope? Illuminator, condenser, objective lens, ocular lens? | Illuminator- light source Condenser- directs light and converges it to pass through specimen Objective lens- closest to specimen, (10x, 40x, 100x) Ocular lens- lens closes to eye, 10x or 20x |
| What is final magnification? | Magnification of objective X magnification of ocular lens |
| What is resolving power of microscope? | Ability to distinguish between 2 parts at certain distance apart, bigger # is better |
| What is the refractive index of material? | Ability of a material to bend light |
| What is light microscopy? | Uses light to observe microscopic specimens |
| What is brightfield microscopy? | used in most Compound m. ability to see object dependso n contrast due to differential staining, w/o staining, little contrast |
| What is darkfield miscroscopy | condenser lens has opaque disc that blocks lights, specimen appears light against dark background, visualise SPIROCHETES |
| What human diseases are caused by spirochetes? | Syphilis, lyme disease |
| What is phase contrast microscopy | Light passes through ring shaped diaphram, produces sharp contrast in living materials |
| What is differential interference contrast microscopy? | uses 2 light beams, prisms split beams to generate greater refractive differences and better resolution, easier to see w/o staining |
| What is fluorescence microscopy? | uses UV light, basis of flourescent-antibody techniquws |
| What is confocal microscopy? | Specimens stained w/ fluorochrome, one plane is illuminated w/ laser, series of planes examined and create 3D image |
| What is electron microscopy? | Light is really a beam of focused electrons, short wavelength e- produce better resolution of objects smaller than .2 micrometers |
| What is Transmission EM? | specimen is sliced ultra thin, stained w/ heavy metals, provides large magnifications (10,000 to 100, 000x) resolves 2.5nm |
| What is a Scanning EM? | gives 3-d resolution, specimen coated with e- emitting material, 1000 to 10, 000 magnification 20 nm resolution |
| What is negative staining? | increases electron opacity of surrounding filed and leaves specimen unstained, used to visualize viruses and bacteria, |
| How do you stain for light microscopy? | fix microbe to slide, smear then fix by passing into flame for 1 minute, stain w/ salts, basic dyes are +charged (crystal violet, malachite green) acidic dyes are -charged (eosin and picric acid) |
| What is a simple stain? | an aqueous or alcohol solution of a single BASIC dye- binds to - charged molecules in bacterial cell, used to see overall shape of cell |
| What is a differential stain? | Allows to distinguish diff strains of bacteria Gram stain, Acid fast Stain |
| What is a Gram Stain? | classifies into + or - smear bacteria/heat fix on slide cover w/ crystal violet,wash off stain add iodine as mordant( to intensify simple stain) Wash off, all cells look purple Wash with alcohol to decolorize stain w/ counter stain (red)purple=gram+ |
| Is purple gram +/-? | Purple means gram + |
| Is red gram +/-? | Red is gram - |
| What is an acid fast stain? | Used to stain bacteria w/ waxy coat (mycobacteria) |
| What diseases are caused by mycobacteria? | TB and leprosy |
| What are the ACID FAST stain steps? | red dye applied to fixed bacteria smear heat slide treat slide w/ acid/alcohol to decolorize slide counter-stained w/ methylene blue, acid fast bacteria appear red on blue background |
| What is a prokaryote? | No nuclear membrane, peptidoglycan in bacteria cell walls, no membrane enclosed organelles, divide by binary fusion |
| What are the 2 major prokaryote groups? | Archaea and bacteria |
| What are the three major shapes of bacteria? | Coccus- round shaped (diplo, strepto, staphylo, tetrads, sarcinae) Bacilli- rod shaped (diplo, strepto, cocco-oval spheres) Spiral-spiral shaped (vibrio, spirilla, spirochetes) |
| What is a glycocalyx? | A sugar coat, if firmly attached-capsule, if disorganized-slime layer, protects from dehydration and can serve as a food source |
| What is a capsule? | Enables cell to resist phagocytosis (being destroyed) so determines whether org. makes us sick. W/=sick, w/o=not sick |
| When Streptococcus pneumoniae has a sugar capsule what happens? | IT makes you sick! |
| What are flagella? | Whip-like appendages that move the cell filament-long component made of protein flagellin Hook-connector that helps it rotate Basel body-anchors flagellum to cell wall and plasma membrane |
| How does the flagellum create motion? | It rotates, "swim"- movement in one direction "tumble"-change of direction caused by reversal of rotation of flagellum |
| What do spirochetes use to move? | Axial filaments |
| What are fimbriae? | help the bacteria adhere to a surface, in gram- bacteria, they are shorter and thinner than flagella |
| What do Neisseria gonorrhoeae fimbriae help the bacteria to do? | Colonize! |
| What is the cell wall structure called a pilius? | it's a hair-like appendage that helps bacteria attach and transfer DNA, composed of protein pilin, 1/2 per cell, helps in sex of bacteria |
| What is a nanometer? | about the size of viruses, 10^-9 m |
| What kind of bacteria can you see using an Acid Fast stain? | Mycobacteria, bacteria w/ a waxy coat |
| What shape are diplococci bacteria? | two round balls stuck together |
| What is the major function of a bacterial cell wall? | To protect from osmotic cell rupture |
| What are bacterial cell walls composed of? | NAG+NAM disaccharide repeating subunit attached by polypeptides to form a lattice |
| How does penicillin kill bacterial cells? | it inhibits cell wall formation by inhibiting the final assembly of peptidoglycans b/c crosslinks aren't formed |
| Who discovered penicillin? | Alexander Flemming |
| What are gram + cells? | Have thick peptidoglycan layer, sensitive to penicillin, cell wall contains teichoic acids-bind to and regulate movement of ions into and out of the cell, |
| Mycobacteria are gram () and are/are not acid fast? | Gram+ and ARE acid fast |
| What is acid fast test? | Cell walls retain stain through alcohol wash |
| What are gram - cells? | cell wall includes extra outer membrane containing LPS(endotoxin) peptidoglycan layer is THINNER than in g+ cells, inhibits penicillin entry, is g- because alcohol dissolves outer membrane and pokes holes in thin peptidoglycan layer->stain leaks out |
| What is a plasma membrane? | Encloses cytoplasm, made of fluid phospolipid bilayer, has peripheral (outside) and integral proteins, semipermiable barrier, lets small molecules (O, CO2, H2O) in but keeps lg. out (proteins) |
| What is passive movement? What are the three types | No Energy, mol. move from area of H to L concentration 1) simple diffusion 2) facilitated diffusion 3 Osmosis |
| What is simple diffusion | no E, net movement of molecules from H to L concentration until reaches equilibrium |
| What is facilitated Diffusion? | movement of molecules by transporter proteins from H to L concentration |
| What is Osmosis? | net movement of SOLVENT molecules across selectively permeable barrier from H to L concentration of solvenet molecules (H20) |
| What is a solvent | A dissolving medium |
| What is a solute? | A substance that gets dissolved in another substance |
| What is osmotic pressure? | force w/ which H2O moves from solution of lower solute concen. to solutino of higher solute concentration (bigger difference=greater pressure) |
| What are the 3 solutions faced by living cells? | Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic |
| What is an isotonic solution? | Concentration of solutes outside and inside of cell are = |
| What is a hypotonic solution? | solutes outside of cell are at lower concentration than inside, water moves into cell |
| What is a hypertonic solution? | Solutes outside of cell are at higher concentration than inside, water moves out of cell |
| What is active transport? | uses energy to get needed nutrients, uses transporters that do NOT change transported molecule |
| What is group translocation? | special form of active transport, molecules transported ARE changed so they can't get back out, ex. when glucose is transported, phosphate groups are added so glucose can't get out |
| What is in the cytoplasm of a PROKARYOTIC cell? | 80% water, enzymes, lipids, ions, nuclear area w/DNA, ribosomes (make protein), inclusion bodies (nutrient reserves for later) |
| What is the nuclear area? | Part of a prokaryotic cell, contains circular DNA bacterial chromosome, has no membrane, no histones, a single chromosome attached to plasma membrane |
| What is a plasmid? | Found in cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells, small circular DNA that can move genes around |
| What is the function of ribosomes? Do antibiotics target this? | protein synthesis using RNA template, yes |
| What is an endospore? | Resting state of certain dehydrated Gram+ bacteria, can last for centuries, resistant to extreme treatment |
| How do you get a complete 70s ribosome? | small subunit 30s + large subunit 50s |
| What important human pathogens form endospores? | Anthrax, tetanus, botulism, |
| How do endospores form? | plasma membrane grows inward, partitions off a new chromosome and a bit of cytoplasm, spore septum forms new membrane, thick peptidoglycan layer forms around forespore, thick protein layer froms spore coat, |
| What distinguishes a eukaryotic cell? | DNA chromosomes in nucleus, separated by nuclear membrane DNA associated w/ histones (a protein) Membrane-enclosed organelles Cell wall is chemically SIMPLE Divide by mitosis Larger and more complex |
| What are flagella and cilia in EUKARYOTIC cells? | long projections attached to/enclosed by plasma membrane to move cell or the fluid around cell |
| What is the cell wall in algae and plants made of? | Cellulose |
| What is cell wall in fungi made of? | Chitin |
| What is the cell wall in animal cells made of? | Animal cells don't have a cell wall! Plasma membrane is the outer layer. Some have a glycocalyx surrounding plasma membrane, have sticky carbs |
| What is the plasma membrane in a eukaryotic cell? | Phospholipid bilayer, contains sterols to resist osmotic lysis (cholesterol), semipermeable, |
| What is endocytosis | how large droplets of material enter the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell. Phagocytosis- large projections engulf and cary in Pinocytosis- small droplets carried in by membrane folds |
| What is cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell? | material btwn membrane and nucleus, made of cytoskeleton of microtubules, filaments which gives shape, contains the organelles |
| What are the 7 main organelles in a eukaryotic cell? | Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Golgi complex Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria |
| What organelle is only found in plant cells and algae? | Chloroplasts, membrane enclosed packets of chlorophyll and enzymes for photosynthesis |
| What is the nucleus? What is it's charge? | contains DNA (-Charge) w/ histones (+charge), surrounded by nuclear envelope, contains nucleolus (chromosomes where RNA is made) |
| DNA with proteins is called? | Chromatin. Coiled condensed chromatin forms chromosomes |
| What are mitosis and meiosis? | Processes by which chromosomes are sorted in cell division |
| What is the Endoplasmic reticulum? | A complex network of interconnected sacs (cisterns) outer surface of RER is covered w/ ribosomes to make proteins (enzymes of RER sort/process proteins) SER has no ribosomes, enzymes synthesize fats and steroids |
| What are ribosomes? | Use mRNA to combine AA to make proteins, free ribosomes make proteins for use inside cell, membrane bound ones make proteins for attachment to other membranes or for export |
| What is an 80s ribosome? | 40s + 60s ribosome |
| What is the golgi complex? | network of membranous cisterns, puts proteins from RER into final shape |
| What are lysosomes? | Storage vesicles, packets of membrane-bound proteins from golgi complex that help degrade bacteria |
| What are vacuoles? | temporary membrane bound storage units (proteins, sugars, acids, poisons, water) |
| What are mitochondria? | site of cellular respiration, make ATP!!! |
| What bacteria causes typhoid fever? | Salmonella typhi |
| Is Salmonella typhi gram +/- | gram - bacteria |
| How can you get/prevent typhoid? | Contact with contaminated food/water, can get vaccinated, wash your hands, drink treated water |
| What are some symptoms of typhoid? | High fever, cramps, diarrhea, intestinal spasms |
| What is metabolism? | The sum of all chemical reactions w/in a living organism (catabolism and anabolism) |
| WHat is catabolism? | Chem rxns that RELEASE energy, break down complex compounds into simpler ones, gen involve hydrolysis (complex carbs into simple sugars) |
| What is anabolism? | chem. rxns that require energy, building complex molecules from simpler ones, dehydration synthesis (building proteins from AA) |
| What are enzymes? | Protein catalysts of chemical rxns, help molecules gain sufficient activation energy, highly specific for single substrate (molecule being changed),end in "ase" |
| What is activation energy? | Amount of E needed to disrupt stable e- figuration of any molecule to rearrange e-s |
| What are the two components of an enzyme? | Apoenzyme- protein part cofactor- non-protein part (coenzyme-org molecule) both together?-holoenzyme |
| What are some important coenzymes? | Coenzyme A- needed for Krebs cycle NAD+/NADP+ electron carriers |
| How does enzymatic action work? | Enzyme finds substrate- connects to active site, forms enzyme-substrate complex substrate is transformed and released enzyme can react with other substrates |
| Enzyme activity is affected by... | temperature, pH, concentration in cell, specific inhibitors |
| What are the 3 types of enzyme inhibition? | Competitive noncompetitive Feedback |
| What is competitive enzyme inhibition? | the inhibitor is shaped like the normal substrate, they compete for binding of ACTIVE site. ex (sulfanilamide is like PABA, so it competes with it so stop folic acid synthesis) |
| What is noncompetitive enzyme inhibition? | Allosteric inhibition- inhibitor binds to a different site and changes the enzyme structure Other- competition by binding to cofactors to stop the enzyme activity |
| What is feedback inhibition? | the end product of enzymatic rxns can act as allosteric inhibitor and change shape of enzyme so it doesn't bind to original substrate, helps regulate amount of metabolic intermediates that are made |
| What is a redox reaction? | Oxidation-reduction reaction Oxidation-removal of e- (loss of hydrogen atoms) reduction- gain e- (reduced charge) |
| What is carbohydrate catabolism? What are the two types? | breaking down a carbohydrate (glucose) into CO2, H2O and ENERGY! Cellular respiration Fermentation |
| What is cellular respiration? | a series of redox reactions in a membrane that generates ATP, breakdown of glucose to form energy |
| Glycolysis | Does NOT require O2, uses 2 ATP's, glucose is ozidized into 2 Pyruvic acid and 2 net ATP's and 2 NaDH(6ATP)net gain=2ATP |
| Krebs cycle | Uses 2 pyruvic acids from glycolysis and oxidizes into CO2, yields 8NADH (24 ATP), 2FADH2(4 ATP), 2GTP(ATP's) net gain= 2ATP |
| What is the electron transport chain? | Oxidizes NADH and FADH2 from glycolys and Krebs to yield 34 more ATP, electrons passed along electron carriers, occurs on plasma membrane in prokaryotes and mitochondrial membranes in eukaryotes net gain=34 ATP |
| What is chemiosmosis? | ATP synthesis by electron transport chain H+ ions pumped across mitochondrial membrane which causes a concentration gradient, H proton on outside, protons move through special proton channels that contain ATP synthase, for every NADH entering e- tc, 3ATP |
| What is a proton motive force? | electrochemical gradient that has potential energy |
| How many ATP for NADH? FADH2? | NADH=3 ATP FADH2=2 ATP |
| How many ATP for Glycolysis? The Krebs cycle? The electron transport chain? TOTAL? | Glycolysis=8ATP Preparatory Krebs=6ATP Krebs=24ATP Total=38ATP |
| What are the final end products of glucose metabolism? | CO2+ H2O + Energy! |
| What molecule is the most important convertible E source of the cell? | ATP |
| What is an "apoenzyme" | The protein part of the enzyme |
| How does the antibiotic sulfanilamide inhibit bacterial growth? | THe sulfanilamide competes with PABA (the thing that helps with folic acid synthesis for bacteria to use as a coenzyme) it stops folic acid synthesis and thus stops the bacteria |
| What molecule is the end product of glycolysis reactions? | Pyruvic acid |
| What is anaerobic respiration? | Includes glycolysis and fermentation, final e- acceptor is a substance other than O2, important for recycling nitrogen and sulfer, species tend to grow more SLOWLY and produce LESS ATP than aerobic |
| Who discovered fermentation? | Louis Pasteur |
| What is fermentation? | enzymatic degredation of carbohydrates where the final e- acceptor is an organic molecule, o2 is not required, doesn't use the Krebs or e-TC, produces small ATP, much E remains in chem bods as in lactic acid/ethanol |
| What does anaerobic respiration do for nature? | helps recycle nitrogen and sulfur/ Ex. |
| Fermentation begins with... | glycolysis->pyruvic acid |
| What are some examples of fermentation? | Ethanol production (beer, wine)= glucose>pyruvic acid>acetadehyde>ethanol (2ATP) Lactic acid production(yogurt, pickles) glucose>pyruvic acid> lactic acid (2ATP) |
| What does Saccharomyces cervisiae help to make by fermentation? | Bread and Beer |
| What does Propionibacterium freudenreichii help to make by fermentation? | Swiss cheese |
| What does Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus help to make? | Yogurt |
| What does Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactobacillus plantarum help to make? | Pickles/olives |
| What does Acetobacter species help to make? | Vinegar |
| What does Streptococcus lactis help to make? | Cheddar cheese |
| What are two sources of Energy besides carbohydrates? | Proteins and Lipids |
| What is Lipid Catabolism? | break down of lipids, lipases release glycerol and fatty acids from fats, fatty acids->Acetyl CoA for Krebs Cycle Glycerol-> DHAP>glyceraldehyde-3-Phospate-> pyruvic acid>Krebs Cycle, resulting oxidations release E |
| How much energy is released from fats? | 6-carbon glucose = 38ATP in Prokaryotes 18-carbon fatty acid = 147 ATP's |
| What is protein catabolism? | Break-down of proteins by proteases into individual amino acids, deamination and decarboxylation (-COO)enables products to enter Krebs cycle |
| How can biochemical activities of microorganisms help to identify them? | The ability of each species to carry out individual enzymatic reactions can assist with their identification. |
| In biochemical test to ID bacteria, if glucose is converted to acid, what is the color change? | pink-> yellow |
| What is a Decarboxylation test? | to identify bacteria that can catabolize AA. If protein is decarboxylated, medium has ^pH and color becomes purple |
| What is a fermentation test? | to identify if organism can use mannitol and if it produces a gas, results in color change and gas is trapped by upturned tube |
| In fermentation test, what happens to unincoulated tube? | no color change-control |
| What bacteria is in the tube where protein is used by doesn't convert mannitol (carb) to acid? | Staphylococcus epidermidis |
| What bacteria is in the tube that uses mannitol, produces an acid (color change) but not a gas? | Staphylococcus aureus |
| What bacteria uses mannitol (carbohydrate) produces an acid (color change) and produces a gas? | E. Coli |
| What is Photosynthesis? | traps the E of sunlight, Algae, plants, and cyanobacteria have chloroplasts |
| What is the formula for photosynthesis? | 6CO2+12H2O+Light=> glucose(C6H12O6)+6O2+6H2o |
| How much of the earth's O2 is produced by plants? | .05%, about as much as is used |
| Photosynthesis is composed of these two types of reactions? | Light and Dark |
| What is a light reaction? | energy used to break H2O molecules, chlorophyll molecules absorb light energy, some of the e- in the chlorophyll are excited and jump onto e-TC, as electrons are carried, protons are pumped across a membrane and ADP+Pi>ATP by chemiosmosis |
| What happens to the electrons in cyclic photophosphorylation? | They return to the chorophyll |
| What happens to the electrons in noncyclic photophosphorylation? | the elctrons are transferred to NADPH (NADP>NADPH) |
| What are dark reactions? | stored electrons from NADPH + ATP are used glucose is synthesized from CO2, for one molecule of glucose, dark reactions must be repeated 6 times using 6CO2, 18ATP, 12 NADPH |
| What do you need to get 1 molecule of glucose out of a dark reaction? | 6 CO2 + 2 Glyceraldehyde-3-Phospate |
| What is biosynthesis (anabolism)? | Requires energy to build complex molecules from simple ones |
| Carbohydrate biosynthesis? | Glucose-6-phosphate + UTP yields uridine diphosphoglucose (UDPG) = building blocks of glycogen in animals • Fructose-6-phosphate + UTP yields UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. (UDPNAc) is starting material for peptidoglycan production |
| Lipid biosynthesis | glycerol is synthesized from dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) a byproduct of glycolysis Fatty acids come from acetyl CoA(krebs cycle) units of acetyl CoA jointed by dehydration synthesis yield fatty acids |
| Biosynthesis of DNA and RNA | nucleotides=base (purine AT/Pyrimidine CG), sugar (5 C sugar), phosphate group |
| When glucose is metabolized to alcohol in the process of fermentation, how many ATP's are generated from one glucose? | 2ATP |
| What enzyme cleaves fat molecules to yield glycerol and fatty acids? | lipase |
| If bacteria growing in culture ferment glucose to lactic acid, what happens to the pH and what color does the pH indicator show? | the pH becomes more acidic and the color changes to yellow |
| What organelle carries out photosynthesis? | Chloroplasts |
| Can the intermediates of glucose breakdown be converted to proteins? | Yes |
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