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BIOLOGY
FALL SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| scientists usually begin with their work with | careful observations |
| what should a scientist do before performing an experiment | formulate a testable hypothesis |
| the information gathered during an experiment | data |
| what do you call your suggested outcome of an experiment | hypothesis |
| what are the types of measurement and their units | length=meter, mass=grams, volume=liters, temp.=Celsius |
| your designed experiment can have how many variables tested at one time | 1 |
| what are the characteristics of the living organism | all living things are cellular, need energy, grow and develop, reproduce, and respond to their environment you will have examples to recognize |
| what is the process of keeping the organisms internal condition constant and in balance with it's enviroment | homeostasis |
| SAFE OR UNSAFE hair tied back | SAFE |
| long chains of single subunits in a biomolecule | polymer |
| the single subunits of a large biomolecule | monomer |
| what are the 4 biomolecules (organic compounds) | carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids |
| which group of biomolecules are non-polar and therefore insoluble in water | lipids |
| what makes water polar | oxygen side is slightly negative and the hydrogen side is slightly positive |
| what is the difference between a solute and solvent | solute is what is being dissolved and solvent is the liquid doing the dissolving |
| briefly describe the pH scale | 7 is neutral; below 7 is considered an acid and above 7 is a base |
| what are the 6 elements that form the biomolecules | C, H, O, N, P, S |
| what are the 3 catagories of carbohydrates | monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides |
| name 3 monosaccharides | glucose, fructose, galactose |
| what are the 3 main functions of the carbohydrates in the living organism | energy, energy storage, structural |
| what is the main energy source in most cells | glucose for cellular respiration |
| most plants store their energy long term as | starch |
| name 2 structural carbohydrates and give their function | cellulose- main component of plant cell walls chitin- found in exoskeletons of arthropods |
| what is the most common disaccharide | sucrose |
| polysaccharides are also known as | starches |
| proteins are polymers of what type of monomer | amino acids |
| what are some functions of the proteins in the living organism | they are the enzymes, antibodies, structural tissue,most hormones, transport proteins know examples of these |
| describe the element composition of carbohydrates | C, H, O, with H:O at 2:1 in ratio |
| describe the element composition of proteins | C, H, O, N, S |
| describe the element composition of lipids | C, H, O, P with H:O much great than 2:1 |
| describe the element composition of nucleic acids | C, H, O, N, P |
| what is the function of an enzyme | to control the rate of the chemical reactions during metabolic activity |
| list the characteristics of the enzyme | proteins with specific shapes, affected by heat and pH, they are biochemical catalysts, they work both inside and outside cells |
| what lipids are associated with cell membranes | phospholipids |
| fats and oils are lipids that are composed of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol; what are they called | triglycerides |
| animals store their energy long term as | fats and oils |
| the monomers of nucleic acids are | nucleotides |
| what are the sugars of DNA and RNA | deoxyribose and ribose |
| what are the functions of the nucleic acids | store hereditary information |
| what best describes the shape of the DNA molecule | double helix |
| how do we classify sterols, wax, and oils | lipids |
| quote the 3 components of the Cell Theory | 1. all life is cellular 2. all life functions by their cells 3. all cells come from preexisting cells by cell division |
| cells with an organized nucleus | eukaryote |
| cells lacking an organized nucleus | prokaryote |
| the green organelle | chloroplast |
| what controls the substances entering and leaving the cell | selectively permeable membranes; cell membrane |
| give me the order of cellular organization in living organisms | cells > tissue > organs > organ systems > organism |
| name the organelles found in the nucleus | nucleolus, chromosomes (DNA) |
| how do I calculate total magnification on a microscope | objective X ocular (10X) |
| who named the cell and what was he looking at | Hooke; cork cells |
| who was the first to see living cells | Von Leeuwenhoek |
| what organelle stores food | vacuole |
| what organelle makes ATP by cellular respiration | mitochondrion |
| what organelle plays a role in animal cell reproduction | centrioles |
| what organelle converts sunlight into the chemical bond energy of glucose and what process is this called | chloroplast; photosynthesis |
| the gradual spreading of odors through out the room | diffusion |
| the diffusion of water | osmosis |
| what type of transport requires ATP | active |
| what microscope part is used to control light passing through the specimen | iris diaphragm (label on diagram) |
| where do we find chlorophyl in a plant cell | chloroplasts (thylakoid membranes) |
| what organelle is described as " a fluid mosiac model " | the cell membrane; phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins |
| what is the difference between cilia and flagella | cilia- many and shorter flagella - longer and usually fewer |
| write the equation for photosynthesis; both chemical and word | 6CO2 + 6H2O > C6H12O6 + 6O2; carbon dioxide + water > glucose + oxygen |
| where does glycolysis occur in the cell | cytoplasm |
| what organelle breaks down food with the release of energy | mitochondrion |
| what structure carries coded instructions that come from the nucleus | mRNA |
| what organelle builds the proteins using coded instructions from the nucleus | ribosome |
| name the organelles that produce energy | mitochondrion, chloroplasts |
| any process not requiring oxygen | anaerobic |
| what organelle converts the chemical bond energy from food into ATP | mitochondrion during cellular respiration |
| name 3 organelles found in plant cells not found in animal cells | cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts |
| name structures that carry out movement of the cell | cilia, flagella |
| any process requiring oxygen | aerobic |
| type of anaerobic respiration carried out by yeast forming bread | alcoholic fermentation |
| genes are | sections of chromosomes |
| before a cell divides it must make a copy of the DNA during | S phase of interphase |
| main function of cell wall | support and protect the plant cell |
| the usable form of energy for a cell | ATP |
| what happens to the nucleus during mitosis | the cell divides it's chromosomes |
| when replicated chromosomes are attached to each other they are called | sister chromatids |
| 4 bases of DNA | thymine, adenine, cytosine, guanine |
| the base in RNA that replaces thymine | uracil |
| 3 types of asexual reproduction | budding, regeneration, binary fission |
| codons code for | amino acids |
| diffusion of water across a selectively permeable | osmosis |
| if a sample of DNA has thymine composition of 32%, what is the percentage of adenine, cytosine, and guanine | adenine=32; cytosine=18%; guanine=18% |
| what is the location of DNA in eukaryotic cells | nucleus |
| DNA is copied in what process | replication |
| mRNA made from DNA is a process called | transcription |
| after replication, the new DNA consists of | one new strand and one orginal strand |
| if a DNA stand has the bases CCGATGCCAG it will replicate a strand with the bases | GGCTACGGTC |
| what are the types of RNA used in protein synthesis | mRNA, tRNA, rRNA |
| a three letter code word in mRNA is a | triplet codon |
| a three letter code word in tRNA is a(an) | anticodon |
| how many codons are needed to specify 5 amino acids | 5 |
| what is translation | the ribosome uses information from mRNA to produce a sequence of amino acids |
| genes are sections of DNA (chromosomes) that contain instructions for assembling | proteins |
| mRNA functions as a blueprint of the | genetic code |
| the signal for the start of transcription | promoter |
| SAFE OR UNSAFE loose, long sleeves | UNSAFE |
| SAFE OR UNSAFE backpacks and gym bags in the lab setting | UNSAFE |
| SAFE OR UNSAFE wearing goggles during a lab involving open flame or chemical testing | SAFE |
| SAFE OR UNSAFE eating and drinking in the lab | UNSAFE |
| the phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes align themselves at the equator | metaphase |
| the phase of mitosis in which the nucleus and nucleolus breakdown and disappear | prophase |
| the phase of mitosis in which the double chromosomes migrate to opposite poles | anaphase |
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biobob
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