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reproductive system
Anatomy & Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| primary female reproductive organs | ovaries |
| accessory female reproductive organs | uterine, tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands |
| female reproductive system produces... | gametes (ova) |
| female reproductive system prepares... | to support a developing embryo |
| female reproductive system undergoes... | changes according to the menstrual cycle |
| ovaries | produce ova (only one mature egg is released at a time) |
| uterine tubes | receive ovulated egg (only role is to carry egg to the uterus) |
| uterus | receive, retain, nourish fertilized egg |
| vagina | birth canal, menstruation goes out, receives penis and semen |
| ovaries (more) | site of oocyte production and sex hormone release, paired, oval organs, within pelvic cavity lateral to uterus, and slightly larger than an almond in an adult |
| oogenesis | occurs in stages over the life of a female (production/creation of eggs) |
| during childhood, female ovaries are... | inactive (posses all reproductive parts before hitting puberty; they are just dormant... puberty begins the oogenesis process) |
| from puberty to menopause | hypothalamus release of pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), stimulates release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and stimulates release of luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| from puberty to menopause... | hormones vary in cyclical patter, produce monthly sequence of events in follicle, ovarian cycle |
| three phases of ovarian cycle | follicular, ovulation, and luteal |
| after menopause | (lasts 1 - 2 years) women stop having cycle |
| description of menopause | no more period, can't get pregnant, amount of sex hormone released decreases, typically between 45-55, no more ovarian follicles remaining/ follicle maturation halted, sig. amts of progesterone, estrogen no longer secreted, & uterine lining stops growing |
| female menstrual cycle | monthly menstrual cycle (due to hormonal fluctuation in ovaries and uterus) |
| ovarian cycle | stimulates production of ovarian follicles and oocytes |
| uterine cycle | prepares uterine wall for implantation |
| two cycles of the menstrual cycle | ovarian and uterine |
| follicular phase | days 1-13 of the ovarian cycle, around 20 primordial follicles stimulated to mature by LH and FSH, FSH stimulates growth, and cell develops to a mature ovarian follicle |
| ovulation | release of secondary oocyte from vesicular follicle, occurs on day 14 of 28 day cycle, induced with peak in LH secretion, and one mature oocyte exits from one ovary (enters peritoneal cavity and swept into uterine tube) |
| luteal phase | remaining follicle cells becoming corpus luteum, occurs on days 15 to 28 of cycle, secretes progesterone (acts to prepare for implantation of embryo) |
| corpus luteum | temporary endocrine gland, secretes progesterone and estrogen, build up uterine lining preparing for fertilized oocyte, and life span of 10 to 13 days if oocyte not fertilized (remaining non mature cells become lining of uterus & feed/mature egg in uterus |
| corpus luteum regression | causes uterine lining to be shed, process termed menstruation and marks end of luteal phase |
| uterine tubes (Fallopian tubes) | extend laterally from both sides of uterus toward ovaries |
| wall of uterine tube | consists of mucosa, muscularis and serosa |
| mucosa | most inner layer, has ilia on apical surface, beat in direction of uterus, and draws oocyte into tube toward uterus |
| muscularis | inner circular layer and outer longitudinal muscle layer, help propel pre-embryo through uterine tube toward uterus |
| serosa | external serous membrane covering uterine tube |
| uterus | upside-down pear-shaped muscular organ, implantation site for pre-embryo, supports, protects, nourishes developing embryo (forms vascular connection that develops into placenta), contracts and sheds lining if oocyte not fertilized |
| structures of uterus | fundus, body, isthmus, cervix |
| fundus | broad superior region between attachments of uterine tubes |
| body | middle region, major part of the organ, composed of thick wall of smooth muscle |
| isthmus | narrow constricted inferior region, superior to cervix |
| cervix | narrow inferiormost part of uterus, projects into the vagina |
| three tunics composing uterine wall | perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium |
| perimetrium | outer tunic, a serosa |
| myometrium | thick middle tunic of uterine wall, formed from three layers of smooth muscle |
| endometrium | innermost mucosal tunic of uterus, functional layer (thick layer that is shed during menstruation) and basal layer (not shed, but responsible for forming a new functional layer after it has been shed) |
| vagina | thick-walled fibromuscular tube, forms inferiormost region of femal reproductive tracts, connects uterus with outside of body, functions as birth canal, receives penis during intercourse, and passageway for menstruation |
| uterine cycle | (28 day cycle) cyclical changes in endometrial lining, change under influence of estrogen and progesterone |
| three distinct phases of uterine cycle | menstrual phase, proliferative phase, and secretory phase |
| menstrual phase | days 1-5 of cycle, sloughing of functional layer, lasts through period of menstrual bleeding |
| proliferative phase | days 6-14 of cycle, development of new functional layer of endometrium |
| secretory phase | days 5-28 of cycle, endometrium prepares for implantation, but if fertilization doesn't occur, the corpus luteum is degraded, dramatic drop of progestone, and the functional layer is sloughed off without progesterone |
| ovarian and uterine cycle phases | menstrual phase during ovarian follicular phase, proliferative phase during follicular phase and ovulation, and secretory phase during ovarian luteal phase |
| primary male reproductive organs | testes |
| accessory male reproductive organs | ducts and tubules leading from testes to penis, accessory glands, and penis |
| scrotum characteristics | skin-covered sac, positioning provides an environment 3 degrees cooler than body temperature (needed for sperm development) |
| scrotum response to temperature changes | with elevated temperature, muscle relaxation allows testes to move inferiorly away from body; with decreased temperature, muscle contraction allows testes and scrotum to be pulled closer to body (helps conserve heat) |
| spermatic cord | multilayer structure traveling from abdomen to testis, contain blood vessels and nerves supplying each each testis, contains ductus deferens |
| ductus deferens | stores and transports sperm during ejaculation |
| epididymis | duct of this is 6m long (when uncoiled), stores sperm until fully mature, 20-day journey for sperm to move through |
| during the journey in the epididymis sperm... | gain the ability to swim and to fertilize an egg, can be stored for several months, and if expelled too soon, not motile/ ejected too late, old sperm degenerate |
| testes | relatively small organs housed within the scrotum, produce sperm and androgens |
| regulating spermatogenesis and androgen production | requires multiple hormones, involves several negative feedback mechanisms |
| 1st step of androgen production and sperm development | the hypothalamus secretes GnRH (stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH) |
| 2nd step of androgen production and sperm development | LH and FSH stimulate spermatogenesis and androgen production (LH stimulating interstitial cells to secrete testosterone, FSH stimulates sustentacular cells) |
| 3rd step of androgen production and sperm development | increased testosterone has multiple effects (facilitate spermatogenesis, also inhibits GnRH secretion and pituitary sensitivity to GnRH (negative feedback)) |
| 4th step of androgen production and sperm development | sustentacular cells release inhibin (respond to rising sperm count levels, causes inhibition of FSH secretion from anterior pituitary (negative feedback)) |
| 5th step of androgen production and sperm development | testosterone stimulates libido and development of secondary sex characteristics (hair growth in axillary and pubic regions, deeper voice, facial hair) |
| urethra | transports semen from ejaculatory ducts to ouside |
| three components of urethra | prostatic uretha extending from bladder through prostate gland, membranous urethra continuing through urogenital diaphragm, and spongy urethra extending through penis |
| seminal fluid | alkaline secretion needed to neutralize vaginal acidity, gives nutrients to sperm traveling in female reproductive tract, produced by accessory glands |
| accessory glands that produce seminal fluid | seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands |
| seminal vesicles | elongated hollow organs, on posterior urinary bladder lateral to ampulla of ductus deferencs, medial portion merging with ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct, secretes alkaline fluid with fructose and prostaglandins |
| seminal fluid fructose and prostaglandins | fructose provides nourishment to sperm and prostaglandins promote widening of external os of cervix |
| prostate gland | compact organ immediately inferior to bladder, has submucosal glands producing mucin, has tubuloalveolar glands opening into prostatic urethra (together contribute to seminal fluid), and secretes milky fluid |
| milky fluid | rich in citric acid, seminalplasmin, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) |
| seminal plasmin | antibiotic combating urinary tract infection |
| citric acid | nutrient for sperm health |
| PSA | enzyme to help liquefy semen following ejaculation |
| bulbourethral glands | paired glands located within urogenital diaphragm, each with short duct projecting into base of penis (enters spongy urethra), tubuloalevolar glands |
| tubuloalveolar glands | produce clear, viscous mucin that forms mucus, protects urethra, serves as lubricant during intercourse |
| semen | formed from seminal fluid and sperm, called ejaculate when released during intercourse, contain about 200-500 million spermatozoa, and transit time from seminiferous tubules to ejaculate (about two weeks) |
| puberty | period in adolescence of reproductive organ becoming fully functional, external sex characteristics become more prominent (i.e. breast enlargement and pubic hair growth), and timing affected by genetics, environmental factors, and health |
| puberty initiation | hypothalamus beginning to secrete GnRH, stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH (Levels very low until then), stimulate significant levels of sex hormones (start process of gamete and sexual maturation) |
| early signs of puberty development | breast bud development in girls, pubic & axillary hair in boys & girls, menarche, about 2 years after first signs of puberty, boys w/ testicle and penis growth, rapid growth of laryngeal structures in boys (causes voice to change & become lower in pitch) |
| puberty timing | girls 2 years prior to boys, African American girls about 1 year earlier, onset has dropped with better nutrition, about 8-12 for girls and 9-14 boys |
| female menopause consists of | perimenopause and menopause |
| perimenopause | time near menopause, may have irregular or skipped periods |
| menopause | woman stopped having monthly menstrual cycles for one year, typically between 45-55, some atrophy of reproductive organs and breast with reduced hormones, decrease in vaginal wall thickness and urethra shrinking |
| menopause continued | hot flashes with periodic elevation in body temperature, possibly thinning scalp and increased facial hair, increased risk of osteroporosis and heart disease, symptoms sometimes treated with hormone replacement therapy |
| male climacteric | males with decreased testosterone levels in the 50s, prostate enlargement, erectile dysfunction |
| men with decreased testosterone levels in the 50s | due to decreased number of interstitial cells, decline more gradually than women's hormone drop, most men with few symptoms, some with mood swings, decreased sex drive, hot flashes |
| prostate enlargement | experienced by most men with age, can interfere with sexual and urinary functions |
| erectile dysfunction | inability to achieve or maintain erection, associated with aging, other risk factors |
Created by:
Nicolekr
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