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Endocrine System - 2
endocrine system
| What are the 2 product homormones of the Thyroid Gland? | 1. Thyroid Hormone 2. Calcitonin |
| What are the two population of cells in the Thyroid Gland? | 1. Follicular Cells - produce Thyroid Hormone 2. Parafollicular or C cells - produce Calcitonin |
| Follicular cells & production of thyroid hormone | Form central cavities where colloid is filled a fluid containg protiens make Thyroglobulin in the colloid iodide absorbed from GI Tract - cytoplasm attaches to tyrosine portion of thyroglobulin tyrosine molecules become linked & form thyroid hormone |
| Two types of thyroid hormone/Effects (which is produced from Thyroid gland, other hormone - calcitonin) | T3 - 3 iodide atms T4 - 4 iodide atms They are Calorigenic - increase metab. rate, body temp, energy, promote breakdown of protien, lipid, carbs |
| Thyroid hormone feedback | 1. Release of Thyroid releasing hormone TRH from Hyphothalmus 2. release of Thyroid stimulating hormone from Pituitary Gland |
| C-cells/parafollicular cells & production of calcitonin | larger & squished between follicles involved in calcium homeostasis overproduction - lower bld calcium levels Inhibits osteoclast activity (slows release of calcium from bone) bone deposition of calcium (inhibits) calcium riding by the kidny |
| Parathyroid glands (4) | posterior of thyroid gland Produce PTH(parathormone) calcium homeostasis...helps prevent hypocalcemia...removed=low blood calcium kidney & bone resorption, GI absorption |
| RISE OF CALCIUM LEVELS IN BLOOD | 1. Thyroid gland produces calcitonin increased excretion of ca+ by kidneys calcium deposition in bone LOWERS SERUM CALCIUM |
| DROP OF CALCIUM LEVELS IN BLOOD | 1. Parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) Increased reabsorption of by kidneys Calcium release from bone INCREASES SERUM CALCIUM |
| Adrenal Gland & parts | Cap the kidneys 2 glands 2 sections: 1. Adrenal cortex (periphery) 2. Adrenal medulla (interior) |
| What are the 3 regions of the Adrenal Cortex? Each produce specific steroid hormones | 1. Zona glomerulosa - closest to capsule 2. Zona fasciculata - middle zone, foamy appreance 3. Zona reticularis - closest to medulla |
| Zona glomerulosa - Adrenal Cortex of Adrenal Gland | under capsule Produces mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) Regulates sodium resorption by kids in exchange for K+ |
| Zona fasciculata - Adrenal Cortex of Adrenal Gland | Produces glucorticoids Effect on glucose metabolism Glucocorticoids : cortisol - [cortisone] in liver - corticosterone glucose formation, maintain blood p, resist stress |
| Zona reticularis - Adrenal Cortex of Adrenal Gland | Closest to medulla Androges-sex hormones in small amounts |
| Adrenal Medulla of Adrenal Gland produces what two hormones? | Interior - resembel nerve tissue 1. Epinephrine 2. Noreinephrine Under Symp Nervous System Control - last longer |
| HYPERadrenocorticism | Cushing's syndrome & disease - weight gain, hairloss too much gluocorticids (fasciculata) |
| HYPOadrenocorticism | Addison's disease, too little glucorticids (fasciculata) |
| Feedback of Glucocorticoids feed back to what two locations: | 1. CRH - corticotropin releasing hormone from hypothalamus 2. ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone from anterior pituitary gland GLUCOCORTICOIDS HAD INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON TWO |
| Pancrease - what are the two broad functions? | 1. Exocrine - digestive enzyme (most mass of pancrease) 2. Endocrine - hormones produced by "Islets of Langerhans) small nodules of tissue throughout pancreas) Products: Insulin (beta),Glucagon (alpha), Somatostatin (Delta), Pancreatic Polypeptide F cell |
| What are the two group of cells in a pancreas? | 1. Islet cells - endocrine function 2. Acinar cells - exocrine function - produce digestive enzymes transported to duodenum via 2 ducts |
| Islets of Langerhans & 4 population | Nests or groupings spred b/w acinar cells 1. Alpha cells 2. Beta cells 3. Delta cells 4. F Cells |
| 1. Alpha cells of Islets of Langerhans | secret glucagon increases blood glucose lvl by increasing release of glucose by liver |
| 2. Beta cells of Islets of Langerhans | secret insulin decreases blood glucose by increasing body cell uptake & utilization of glucose |
| 3. Delta cells of Islets of Langerhans | produce like growth hormone inhibiting somatostatin suppresses release of insulin & glucose from other Islet cells |
| 4. F cells of Islets of Langerhans | produce pancreatic polypeptide (PP) inhibit gall bladder contraction |
| Diabetes Mellitus | insulin deficiency |
| What does Insulin do? | cause glucose in the blood to be absorbed into cells utilization of glucose |
| What does Glucagon do? | causes bld lvl of glucose to rise deficiency is not ofter critical |
| RISE IN GLUCOSE | causes insulin release normalize |
| DROP IN GLUCOSE | causes glucagon release |
| Testes | interstitial cells produce & release androgens stimulated by LH from pituitary Primary product/androgen - testosterone stimulation of bone & muscle build up |
| Ovaries | production of estrogens & progestins Stimulated by FSH & LH from pituitary estrogens cause behavorial & phy changes Progestins help maintain pregnancy if needed |
| Kidneys - what three hormones are released? | 1. Calcitriol 2. Erythropoietin 3. Renin |
| Hormones of Kidney - 1. Calcitriol | steriod hormone released by Kidney release stimulated by PTH raises blood calcium (PTH raises ca lvl by causing calcitriol release) |
| Cholecalciferol (vit D3) | converted to calcitriol related steroid produced in skin/absorbed in Tract |
| Hormones of Kidney - 2. Erythopoietin | EPO release stimulated by low oxygen in Kidney tiss stimulates bone marrow production of RBCs deficiency - kidney failure - anemia due to low production of hormone |
| Hormones of Kidney - 3. Renin | Enzyme Stimulus for release: 1. sympathetic stimulation 2. Decreased renal blood flow starts seq. that results in angiotensin 2(whcih stims release of Aldosterone &ADH) potent vasoconstrictor, pools bld centraly |
| GI Tract | produce gastrin stimulates gastric gland to release HCl & enzymes stimulaltes gastric motility |
| Small Intestine | secretin - stim pancrease to produce buffering fluid CCK - stim pancreas to release digestize enzyme & gall bladder contraction |
| Placenta | produce estrogen, progestins, chorionic, gonadotropin - help maintain pregnancy |
| Thymus | atrophy maturation of immune system matures cells to Tlymphs, crucial for immune responses |
| Pineal Body | part of brain cyclic production of melatonin which affects sleep cucles |
| Prostaglandins | derived from fatty acids - initiate inflamation |
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Yourdanos
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