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Macromolecule "Extra
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Functions of buffers | -Involved in homeostasis -Regulate pH -Can donate or accept Hydrogen ions(H+) -if pH is too high, donate H+ -if pH is too low, pick up H+ |
| Characteristics of Saturated Fat | -Saturated with Hydrogen -All bonds are single bonds -Solid at room temperature -Comes from animal products |
| Characteristics of Unsaturated Fat(Oil) | -Not completely saturated with Hydrogen -Some bonds are not single bonds -Liquids at room temperature -Comes from plant products |
| Hydrogenated Oils | Unsaturated fats that were force fed hydrogen to turn them into solids. They are very unhealthy |
| Characteristics of Hydrogenated Oils | -Worst of the three fats -Made vegetable oils solid at room temperature |
| Levels of protein structure | 1) Primary Structure 2) Secondary Structure 3) Tertiary Structure 4) Quaternary Structure |
| Characteristics of Primary Structure(1°) | -Most important structure, because it determines the structure of the other three enzyme structures -Linear Sequence of amino acids(Determined by DNA) connected by peptide bonds |
| Characteristics of Secondary Structure(2°) | -Two different structure appearances-1)Alpha helix and 2)Beta pleated sheet -Alpha helix looks like a coil -Beta pleated sheet looks like a transverse wave -Hydrogen bonds start to form between various amino acids in the chain |
| Characteristics of Tertiary Structure(3°) | -The coil(alpha helix) coils -R groups of amino acids are involved, bonds start to form between polar R groups and non-polar R groups, between positively charged R groups and negatively charged R groups |
| Characteristics of Quaternary Structure(4°) | -More than one tertiary Stricture is linked together -Hydrogen bonds, peptide bonds, etc. -ex. Hemoglobin |
| Characteristics of Tertiary Structure(3°) cont. | -Hydrophobic R groups try to get away from H₂O -Hydrophilic R groups try to be in contact with H₂O |
| DNA structure | -Two strands of Nucleotides -Strands of the double helix are anti-parallel -Nitrogen base groups A&T are double ringed structures(purines) -T&C are single ringed Structures(pyrimidines) -Number of pyrimidines is equal to the number of purines |
| DNA structure cont. | -Sides of the double helix are called the phosphate sugar backbone -The rungs of the ladder are called the nitrogenous bases -The 5' phosphate group bonds to the 3' OH group of the next nucleotide -This bond is called Phosphodiester bond |
| Enzyme Inhibition(Stopping) | -Can be helpful/harmful -Any chemical that interferes with activity is an inhibitor -If inhibitor bonds to an enzyme with covalent bonds, usually not reversible(toxins, poisons) -If inhibitor bonds to an enzyme with hydrogen bonds, usually reversible |
| Three types of Enzyme inhibition | -Competitive inhibition -Non-competitive inhibition -Feedback inhibition |
| Competitive Inhibition | -Another molecule competing with the substrate for the active site of an enzyme -Lowers the rate of reaction -Can counteract this by coding more substrate |
| Non-competitive Inhibition | -Another substance(other than the substrate) bonds to another site on the enzyme called the allosteric site -When this happens it changes the shape of the active site and the substrate can't bind to the enzyme |
| Feedback Inhibition | -Occurs in metabolic ways -When the protein made after many previous bonding comes back to bond with original enzyme |
| Cell Theory | -All living things are made of cells -Cells are the smallest living units(emergent properties) -Cells came from pre-existing cells(no spontaneous generation) |
| What all Cells have in common | -DNA -Cell membranes -Ribosome -Cytoplasm |
| Viruses | -NOT LIVING!!! -No cells -Can't reproduce on their own -Consist of DNA (or RNA) and proteins |
| Surface area to volume ratio | -Limit to how big cells can get -Better to have lots of little cells than one big cell -SA/V top of fraction has to be big in order to have a large Surface Area to Volume Ratio -As the SA of a cell increases the V also increases, but at a faster rate |
| Surface area to volume ratio cont. | -Smaller the cell, the better -need a lot of surface area(cell membrane) to service the Volume(Cytoplasm) -The Smaller the cell the larger the ratio |
| Characteristics of Prokaryotic cells | -Always single celled -1-10 micrometers -no nucleus -no membrane bound organelle -No histons or introns -reproduce through binary fission -1 circular chromosome -Plasmids, nucleoids, pili, capsule -Cell wall(peptidoglycan) -70s Ribosomes |
| Characteristics of Eukaryotic cells | -Can be single celled or multi-celled -1-100 micrometers -Nucleus -Many membrane bound organelles -Have histons & introns -Reproduce through Mitosis and Meiosis -Many linear chromosomes -80s Ribosomes -Cell wall(cellulose||chitin) -Cytoskeleton |
| Microscope | -Big knob is called the adjustment knob -Small knob is called the fine adjustment knob -!The Fine adjustment knob helps you get things in focus! |
| Histons | Protein that DNA is wrapped around |
| Introns | -Commonly referred to as "junk" DNA -Sections of DNA that don't actually code for a protein |
| Cell Membrane | -Controls what enters and leaves the cells -It is selectively permeable -All cells have it |
| Cytoplasm | -Move things around the cell like a stream -Lots of chemical reactions take place here -It is found in all cells |
| Ribosomes | -Make Proteins -Found in all cells |
| Nucleiod | -Location where DNA can be found -Only found in prokaryotic cells |
| Nucleus | -Brain/Control center of the cell -Controls heredity -Only found in eukaryotic cells |
| Nucleolus | -Make ribosomes -Eukaryots only |
| Pili | -Helps cell attach(adhere) to surfaces -Plasmids can be traded among cells through this -Prokaryotic cells only |
| Plasmids | -Extra loops of DNA, contain only a few genes -carry resistance genes -Prokaryotic cells only |
| Flagella | -Movement -Found in Some prokaryots, some animals, and some prostists |
| Capsule | -Extra layer of protection against antibiotics -Prokaryotic cells only |
| Cell Wall | -Support and Protection -Plant cells(cellulose) -Bacteria(peptidoglycan) -Fungi(chitin) |
| Mitochondria | -Make ATP by doing the 2nd and 3rd steps of cellular respiration -Eukaryots only(plants, animals, protists, fungi) |
| Rough ER(Endoplasmic Reticulum) | -Makes, perfects, stores, and transports proteins -Eukaryots only |
| Smooth ER | -Make Lipids -Eukaryots only |
| Golgi Body | -Stores perfected proteins and lipids(warehouse) -Proteins and lipids can bi shipped from there -Eukaryots only |
| Centrioles | -Help with cell division -Animals only |
| Lysosomes | -Contain digestion enzymes, breaks things down -Compared to stomach -Animals only |
| Microtubules (Cytoskeleton) | Protein filments that can contract-push and pull things around the cell -Eukaryots only |
| Chloroplasts | -Make glucose by means of photosynthesis -Plants and some protists |
| Large Vacuole | -Stores water; controls cell size and volume -Temporarily stores waste -Stores certain pigments -Plants and some protists |
Created by:
Eott55
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