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HPDP Exam I
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is health | state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity |
| what is health promotion? | the process of enabling people to increase control and improve their health through self care, mutual aid and the creation of healthy environments |
| what is disease? | an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning |
| what is the dental hygiene process of care? | ADPIE assessment, dental hygiene diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation |
| what is meant by assessment in dental hygiene process of care? | collection of objective and subjective date |
| what is meant by dental hygiene diagnosis in dental hygiene process of care? | incorporate risk from assessment basis on which treatment plan is designed |
| what is meant by planning in dental hygiene process of care? | establish priorities, set goals, interventions, prognosis |
| what is meant by implementation in dental hygiene process of care? | put plan into action |
| what is meant by evaluation in dental hygiene process of care? | determine if outcomes were successful, retreat or referral |
| what are preventive serves categorized in? | primary services, secondary services, tertiary services |
| what is primary services | person does not have disease, prevent disease fluoride, sealant, education, oral cancer screening, tobacco cessation |
| what is secondary services | patient has problems but is not big, can fix and get patient back to health desensitizing for sensitive teeth, one fluoride treatment for incipient lesions, instructions to reverse early gingivitis |
| what is tertiary services? | patient has a problem that we cannot heal and doesn't take problem away scaling, root planing for periodontal disease, for DDS more restorative, prosthodontics and reconstructive |
| what are the two branches of periodontal disease | gingivitis and periodontitis |
| what is attached gingiva | covers the alveolar bone |
| what is gingivitis? | inflammation/ infection of the gingival tissue in the absence of clinical attachment loss or bone loss NO BONE LOSS, CAN CURE IT |
| what are the signs of gingivitis? | edema/ swelling, erythema/ redness, increase gingival temperature, occasional pain, bleeding, no bone loss and reversible |
| what is periodontitis? | inflammation/infection that affects and destroys the supporting structures of the teeth (periodontial ligaments and alveolar bone) |
| what are the signs of periodontitis | pocket formation, bleeding, mobility, recession, furcations, bone loss and is irreversible |
| what are the primary factors of periodontal disease? | bacterial plaque or biofilm |
| what is the contributing factors of periodontal disease? | local factors, systemic factors, dysfunctional factors |
| what are the local factors of periodontal disease? | calculus, crowded teeth, dental appliances, tooth anatomy, overhanging restorations, food impaction/open contacts |
| what are the systemic factors of periodontal disease? | smoking, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, immune system, hormonal imbalance, genetics |
| what are the dysfunctional factors of periodontal disease? | trauma from occlusion injurious habits |
| what is dental plaque induced gingivitis? | most common type of gingivitis associated with plaque with or without local factors |
| what is dental plaque induced gingivitis modified by systemic factors? | endocrine factors, blood dyscasias, medications, malnutrition |
| what is non plaque induced gingival lesion | bacterial, fungal, viral, genetic, systemic, traumatic, foreign body reactions |
| what is chronic periodontitis? | most common, slow progression, localized and generalized, horizontal bone loss |
| what is aggressive periodontitis | periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease |
| what is case type I gingivitis/periodontitis | gingivitis or healthy |
| what is case type II gingivitis/periodontitis | early, mild periodontitis |
| what is case type III gingivitis/periodontitis | moderate periodontitis |
| case type IV gingivitis/periodontitis | advanced/ severe periodontitis |
| case type V gingivitis/periodontitis | refractory |
| what is pellicle? | tenacious membranous layer, originates from glycoproteins found in saliva and gingival fluids, first stage of plaque development |
| what is pellicle made of? | serum glycoproteins from the saliva and gingival sulcus fluid supra- glycoproteins in saliva sub- glycoproteins in gingival sulcus |
| what does pellicle look like? | clear, translucent, invisible to naked eye may become visible if plaque or stain accumulates on it |
| where do we find pellicle? | all tooth surfaces, thickest point at gingival margin |
| how do we find pellicle? | disclosing solution |
| what is the significance of pellicle? | protective- an acid barrier lubrication- keeps surface moist/ prevents drying nidus for bacteria plaque colonization attachment of calculus |
| how do we get rid of pellicle? | polishing, toothbrushing |
| what is plaque/biofilm? | dense, non-mineralized complex mass of colonies in a gel-like inter-microbial matrix |
| what does plaque or biofilm look like? | invisible, transparent, white film accumulated on the tooth surface sticky like peanut butter |
| how does pellicle form | pellicle formation bacterial colonization plaque maturation |
| where do you find plaque or biofilm? | supra and sub, proximal, occlusal, appliances |
| how do we find plaque or biofilm? | disclosing solution, air water, explorer, probe |
| what is wrong with plaque or biofilm? | primary etiological factor causes periodontal disease, oral infections, causes dental caries |
| what is calculus? | calcified bacterial biofilm |
| what does calculus look like? supra and sub | supra- white or yellowish sub- brown/ green /black |
| what is the range of time that calculus forms? | 10-20 days deposition of minerals into the biofilm organic matrix |
| where do we find calculus supra gingival? | lingual mandibular anteriors buccal maxillary molars |
| what is wrong with calculus? | rough surface attracts plaque may prevent full healing may hinder self care |
| what is materia alba | white material loosely adherent complex of bacteria and cellular debris formed on top of biofilm |
| what is materia alba made of | bacteria, epithelial cells, leukocytes, salivary proteins and food particles |
| where do we find materia alba? | along the gingival margin between teeth around crowded teeth |
| what is wrong with materia alba? | unsanitary mouth halitosis- bad breath |
| what is extrinsic stain? | on external surface |
| what is intrinsic stain? | within the tooth surface |
| what is exogenous stain? | caused by factors from outside the tooth |
| what is endogenous stain? | stain originates within tooth incorporated within the tooth structure may be related to period of tooth development |
| what is extrinsic yellow stain? | food pigment common to all ages |
| what is extrinsic black line stain | continuous 1 mm line along gingival 1/3 black at base of pits and sealants, low tendency for dental decay predominately female healthy mouths |
| what is extrinsic green stain? | chromogenic fungi/bacteria drugs DO NOT SCALE |
| what is the bass method used for? | only effective method for sulcular cleaning |
| what are the indications for bass method? | open interproximal areas, exposed root surfaces, abutment, periodontal surgery patients |
| what are the strokes of bass method? | 10 strokes each area, press lightly without flexing, vibrate the brush direct bristles into the sulcus at 45 degree angle |
| what is the rolling stroke method used for? | children |
| what are the indications for rolling stroke method? | emphasis not on gingival sulcus, children with healthy gingiva sulcular technique too difficult, hold toothbrush and roll down |
| what do you use the rolling stroke method in conjunction with? | bass, stillman, charters |
| what do we use modified stillman method for? | gingiva massage |
| what are the indications for stillman's method? | minimize gingival trauma massage of gingival tissue |
| what is the stroke for stillman method? | press to flex filaments, angel filaments, activate brush, roll and vibrate the brush starting with all bristles on top of the gingiva then you move to a 45 degree angle and roll down |
| charters Method is good for | othro, braces, pontics |
| charters method indications | orthodontic appliances, pontiffs, post perio surgery, stimulate marginal and interdental gingiva |
| what are the strokes of charters method | brush pointed towards occlusal, accomplish rolling stroke first, press lightly, vibrate brush, 45 degree angle |
| what are the indications of circular or fones method | easy to learn for young children or elderly |
| what is the procedure of circular or fones method | teeth closed, circular motion fast wide sweeping maxillary to mandibular gingiva |
| what is gingival recession | margin moves apically root surface exposed vigorous pressured brushing with abrasive dentifrice and worn brush |
| what is gingival celfting or stillman's cleft | narrow groove or slit extends from crest of gingiva to the attached gingiva looks like a bracket or a slit |
| what is gingival festooning or McCall's festoon? | rolled bulbous hard, firm gingiva melted rubber tire, rolled tissue around tooth |
| what is embrasure type I? | filled with papilla |
| what is embrasure type II? | still a little papilla, open space with blunted papilla |
| what is embrasure type III? | no papilla, large space in between teeth |
| what is waxed floss used for? what is unwaxed floss used for? | waxed- tight proximal contracts unwaxed- normal tooth contracts |
| what is dental tape and what is it used for? | wider, flatter and waxed preferred if surface area is large |
| what is PTFE or polytetrafluoroethylene or glide | waxed, resists fraying, coated with teflon |
| braided floss is used for | dental implants |
| what is tufted floss used for? | fixed partial dentals or ortho embrasure type II and III |
| What are the two flossing methods? | spool method loop method |
| what is spool method? | wrap floss around middle finger, thumb and index finger guide it seesaw to get it into the contact, wrap C shape and up and down motion once in |
| what is loop method used for? | children and patients with limited dexterity 2 ends tied together but works like spool |
| what are the pieces of tufted floss? | waxed and unwaxed floss cylindrical nylon meshwork rigid nylon needle |
| what is the floss threader used for | under fixed partial denture orthodontics under implant bars |
| what is the perio-aid or toothpick holder used for | periodontitis and gingivitis, tooth concavities/furcations crowns and bridges, orthodontics, patients who won't floss but like toothpicks, fluoride desensitizing agents deliver |
| when should the perio aid should not be used | healthy gingiva or type I embrasures limited manual dexterity |
| what is the technique to use the perio aid | 90 degree angle and follow the gingival margin insert at the sulcus at 45 degree angle |
| what is a sulcus bush? | used for patients who need to get into the sulcus and clean bass method |
| what is a sulca brush? | one tuft, cut to a point, used for crowded area end tuft brush/ tooth pick holder/ proxy brush |
| what is the interdental brush or proxy brush used for? | Furcation area good for ortho |
| what are the contradictions of interdental brush or proxy brush? | healthy gingiva limited manual dexterity intact papilla |
| what is the technique for the interdental brush or proxy brush? | should come from both the facial and the lingual |
| what is an end tuft brush? | single tuft, nylon bristles, flat or tapered with a plastic handle |
| What are the indications for the interdental brush or proxy brush? | interdental areas, fixed dental prosthesis, difficult to reach area, lack of manual dexterity, orthodontic appliance, crowded areas and third molars |
| what is the technique for interdental brush or proxy brush? | 45 degree angle, bristles towards apical circular pattern |
| what is the rubber tip stimulator used for? | interproximal/ embrasures, re-shape gingiva after periodontal surgery |
| what is the technique for rubber tip stimulator? | 45 to 90 degree angle, follow the contour of gingiva, rotary motion, intermittent pressure |
| what do we use wooden interdental cleaners or stim-u-dents for? | orthodontics, proximal spaces/ embrasures |
| when do we use knitting yarn? | type III furcations, open furcations, abutments on implants, diastemas, isolated teeth |
| when do we use gauze strips? | widely spaced teeth, abutment of implants |
| what is the hypochlorite solution made up of? | 1 tablespoon bleach 2 teaspoons of calgon or water softener 1.2 cup water ONLY USE PLASTIC NO METAL |
| demineralization is... | loss |
| remineralization is... | gain |
| what are the plaque bacteria? | strep mutans, lactobacillus |
| demineralization can occur at a pH of... | 5.5 which is called the critical level for enamel |
| the acidic state lasts for about how many minutes before it returns to normal | 40 minutes |
| class I caries | pits and fissures |
| class II caries | smooth surfaces, in between posterior teeth |
| class III caries | smooth surfaces between anterior teeth |
| where are the largest percent of caries found on teeth? | fissures on occlusal |
| what are the roles of saliva? | cleansing, buffering, remineralizing, antibacterial |
| how does saliva cleanse? | dilutes and removes acid concentrations of plaque |
| how does saliva buffer? | sodium bicarbonate neutralize acids of plaque |
| how does saliva remineralize? | calcium and phosphate prevents demineralization and repairs through remineralization |
| how is saliva antibacterial? | substances from both salivary glands and immune system negatively affect caries bacteria |
| class V | smooth surfaces in cervical third |
| what microflora cause cavities in smooth surfaces? | S. mutans |
| what microflora cause cavities in root surfaces | actinomyces naeslundii and viscosus, S. mutans and lactobacillus |
| what is the primary agent that promotes plaque formation and flavors colonization of cariogenic microorganisms | sucrose |
| what do detergent foods do | may have an effect on thickness of plaque |
| amount of sugar is not as important as the... | frequency form it is in (whether it clears easily) when the sugar is consumed (meals or in between meals) |
| what is an incipient lesion? | demineralization going on surface is intact though no bacterial penetration |
| what is an established lesion? | surface layer breaks down, clinically detectable attack on dentin which is soft, infected tubules |
| what is the critical pH for cementum? | 6.0 |
| what does water do? | maintain ingredients in formation |
| what does sodium fluoride do? | prevent decay |
| what does hydrated silica do? | abrasive |
| what does sorbitol do? | humectant and sweetener, anti-cavitiy |
| what does dichlorinated phenol do? | preservative |
| what does sodium lauryl sulfate do? | detergent, for the bubbles |
| what does xantheam gum do? | binder, prevent separation |
| what does calcium carbonate do? | abrasive |
| what does alcohol do? | preservative |
| what does xylitol do? | humectant and sweetener |
| what is the definition of dentifrices? | substances use with a toothbrush or other applicator for removal of soft tooth deposits application of therapeutic agents |
| what are the preventive and therapeutic benefits of dentifrices? | caries prevention, remineralization, reduction of biofilm formation, reduction of gingivitis/ inflammation, sensitivity and supragingival calculus |
| what are the cosmetic effects of dentifrices? | removal of extrinsic stain, reduction of oral malodor |
| what are the basic components of inactive ingredients in dentifrices | detergent, abrasive, binder, humectant, preservative, flavoring, water did amy's binder hit peter's frikken wall |
| what is the purpose of detergent? | lower surface tension, penetrate and loosen surface deposits, foaming action |
| what are the substances of detergents? | sodium lauryl sulfate or lauryl sarcosinate |
| what is the purpose of abrasive? | polishes/ cleans to produce smooth surface without damage to tooth surface smooth surface prevents re-accumulation of deposits |
| what are the substances of abrasives? | calcium carbonate, phosphate salts, silica, silicates, dehydrated silica gels, hydrate aluminum oxide |
| what are the purpose of binders? | stabilize the formulation prevents separation of ingredients during storage |
| what are the types of binders used? | mineral colloids, natural gums, seaweed colloids, synthetic celluloses |
| what is the purpose of the humectant? | retain moisture prevent hardening when exposed to air |
| what are the substances used for humectant? | xylitol, glycerol, sorbitol |
| what is the purpose of preservative? | prevent bacterial growth prolong shelf life |
| what are the substances used for preservatives? | alcohol, benzoates, dichlorinated phenols |
| what is the purpose of flavoring? | sweetener for patients acceptance masks other ingredients |
| what is the substances used for flavoring? | essential oils (peppermind, cinnamon, wintergreen) artificial noncariogenic sweeteners (xylitol, glycerol, sorbitol) |
| what are therapeutic active components? | anti-biofilm/ antigingivitis anti-calculus desensitizer oral malodor |
| how much tooth paste should a toddler get? | 1/2 pea size |
| how much tooth paste should a older child (4-5) get? | pea sized |
| how much tooth paste should an adult used? | 1/2 inch |
| what does astringent do? | shrinks tissues |
| what does anodynes do? | alleviate pain |
| what does oxygenating do? | cleansing |
| what are the functions of chemotherapeutic agents | remineralization, antimicrobial, astringent, anodyne, duffering, deoderizing, oxygenating |
| what are the therapeutic compounds in Listerine? | phenolic compounds, essential oil |
| chorhexidine is used for | preprocedural rinse, before during and after periodontal debridement, high risk for dental caries, immunocompromised individuals prone to infection, post surgery for wound healing |
| chorhexidine interacts with | sodium lauryl sulfate when rinsing is performed immediately after brushing |
| what fluoride rinse do you use for gingivitis and periodontitis? | stannous fluoride |
| sodium fluoride low potency/ high frequency number | .05%/ 250 ppm |
| stannous fluoride low potency/ high frequency number | .63%/ 250 ppm |
| sodium fluoride high potency/ low frequency number | .2%/ 900 ppm |
| essential oils is a combination of... | thymol, eucalyptol, menthol, menthyl salicylate |
Created by:
Chobchi
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