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Week 5
Osteology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Definition of Bone | living, dynamic tissue that is always being remodeled and reshaped |
| Subdivions of Bone | Long Bone Short Bone Flat bone Irregular Bone |
| What is an example of long bone | Humerus |
| What is an example of short bone | Carpals |
| What is an example of flat bone | scapula, skull |
| What is an example of irregular bone | Facial Metatarsals Vertebrae |
| What are the five purposes of the skeletal system? | 1. provides a framework 2. Bone provides a reserve for minerals and lipids 3. Marrow within cavity produces blood cells 4. Protects vital organs 5. Skeleton allows muscles to move. |
| Osteoprogenitor Cells | stem cells that create cells needed to repair -basis of osteoblasts |
| Osteoblasts | carry out osteogenesis -control the amount fo organic and inorganic compounds within the bone matrix -basis of osteocytes |
| Osteogenesis | formation of new bone matrix |
| Osteocytes | mature bone cells, found in lacunae -dissolve and release minerals within the bone -can change into osteoblasts or osteoprogenitor cells to repair tissue |
| Osteoclasts | large cells that dissovle minerals from the bone matrix, osteolysis |
| Osteolysis | process of removing minerals from the bone matrix |
| Development of cells within Osseous Tissue | Osteoprogenitor Cells->Osteoblasts->Osteocytes -> Osteoclasts |
| Macrophage | large white blood cells |
| 2 Categories of Bone | Compact bone Spongy bone |
| Spongy bone | composed ot lattice or network of branching bone spicules or trabeculae |
| What is within the lattice structure of the spongy bone | Marrow |
| Compact bone | mass of bony tissue lacking spaces visable to the unaided eye |
| What are Osteons also known as? | "Haversion Systems" |
| Osteons | make up compact bone -osteocytes form concentric circles around the central canal that contains blood vessels. |
| When is compact bone strong? | When force is applies to the end of the canal. |
| When is compact bone less strong? | When forces are applied perpendicular to calls |
| What do osteocytes live in? | Lacunae |
| Caniculi | passages that osteocytes communicate through |
| Wolffe's Law | bone is made strongest wherever the greatest stress is put on it |
| What is the other name for spongy bone? | Cancellous bone |
| Are the cells of compact bones the same as spongy bone? | Yes, with a different arrangement |
| What does the spongy bone provide a framework for? | Bone Marrow |
| The outer bone is lines with... | Periosteum |
| What is the periosteum ties to the surface of the bone with? | Sharpey's fibers |
| Inner aspect of the bone is lined with... | Endosteum |
| Red Marrow makes... | red blood cells |
| What can yellow marrow be transformed into? | Red Marrow |
| How do flat bones develope? | Through intermembranous calcification |
| What are the two types of calcification? | 1.Outer shell of compact bone 2. Inner layer of spongy bone (diploe) |
| Haversion system is knows a the _______ _____ of bone | structural unit |
| What are the layers of the cylinder composed around the central canal? | Lamellae |
| What makes up the lamellae? | Collogen |
| What are the collogen fibers so strong? | Oriented at a 45 degree/perpendicular orientation |
| Between each lamination, what is found? | Lacunae |
| What joing to Lacunae together and to the central canal? | Caniculi |
| What connects Haversion cnalas together? | Volkman's Canals |
| What do Haversion canals contain? | blood vessels and nerves |
| How are the Haversion system arranges in compact bone? | Tightly |
| What is another name for spongy bone? | Trabecular Bone |
| How are the Osteons in spongy bone arranged? | According to lines of stress |
| What does bone contain? | Organic matrix (Osteoid) Mineral Matrix (hydroxyapetite) |
| Where is the main nutrient artery found? | In shaft |
| What are the two types of growth in long bones? | Appositional growth Longitudinal Growth |
| What do cartilagenous bones allow for? | Longitudinal growth |
| Appositional Growth? | bone grows thicker |
| What kind of cell facilitates appositonal growth? | osteoblasts |
| How is the bone matrix broken down? | digested through enzymes and HCL |
| Two forces of bony homeostasis/calcium regulation? | Gravity Feedback Machanism |
| Gravity | bone remodels according to lines of stress placed upon it (Wolffe's Law) |
| What happens when gravity is reduced? | Reabsorption occurs. |
| What are the two major organs of calcium homeostasis? | 1. Thyroid 2. Parathyroid gland |
| Thyroid Gland | Secretes calcetonin -located anterior aspect of C5 |
| Parathyroid gland | secretes parathyroid hormone -located posterior of thyroid gland |
| Pyramidal Lobe | middle part of the thyroid gland |
| Ca homeostasis | blood requires a relatively constant concentration of Ca |
| Process of the healing a bone trauma | 1. Hematoma 2. Fibrocartilagenous callous formation 3. Bony callous formation 4. Remodelling |
| Fracture Types | 1 1 Comminuted 2 Compression 3 Spiral 4 Epipheseal 5 Depressed 6 Greenstick |
| Drepression Fracture | Occurs at the skull |
| Greenstick Fracture | occurs in children |
| Avulsion | muscle comes off the bone |
| Osteomalacia/Rickets | softening of bones due to imbalances with Vit D |
| Osteoporosis | progressive demineralization and body resorption |
| Pagets | characterized by lytic then blastic phase |
| What does pagets cause? | Tibial deformities and thickened cranial vault. |
Created by:
swalters4
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