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Neural Tissue
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Naming convention for neurons | Function (sensory, motor, inter) Location (cortex, striatum, retina) Shape (pyramidal, bipolar) |
| Basic neuron shapes | -bipolar (interneuron) -unipolar (sensory) -multipolar (motor) -pyramidal (brain) |
| What is the most common cell type in brain? What is the 2nd most common cell type in the brain? | -Neurons -Glial Cells |
| What are the glial cells in the CNS? | -oligodendrocytes -astrocytes -microglia |
| What are the glial cells in the PNS? | -Schwann cells -Satellite cells |
| What is bigger, neuron or glial cell? | Neuron |
| What's the big difference between CNS and PNS slides? | CNS doesn't have connective tissue |
| What is the perikaryon? | Cytoplasm of soma in neuron |
| What is the axon hillock? | Beginning of electric impulse of neuron |
| What is the nucleolus composed of? | Nucleic acids and proteins It's responsible for the transcription and assembly of ribosomal RNA. |
| What is the node or Ranvier? | myelin sheath gap |
| What does the Nissyl stain do? | Stains cell body, mainly the rough ER because it stains RNA. Stains dark blue. Stains both neurons and glia. |
| Weigert Myelin Stain | readily distinguishes grey matter from white matter which is stained black. |
| Gogli-type Stain | stains an entire cell but usually a small fraction of cell, this is random and unknown -silver staining -dendrite, axon, and cell body stained |
| What are the cellular components of a Peripheral Nerve? | -neurons -Schwann cells -fibroblasts -endothelial cells -blood-borne cells |
| What are the connective tissue components of a Peripheral Nerve? What do they represent? | -Epineurium: Outer edge of spinal nerve -Perioneurium: Outer edge of fascicle -Endoneurium: around axon -Fasicle: bundle of axons |
| What does myelin do? | Makes conduction effective and efficient, thick and viscous protein. |
| How many axons can a Schwann cell myelinate? | One axon |
| Saltatory conduction | when nerve impulses jump from node to node, enabled by Nodes or Ranvier which speeds it up |
| What is clinically relevant about multiple scerosis? | They have less myelin. |
| In the PNS, what cells are myelinated? | -Somatic motor axons -Pre ganglionic axons of autonomic nerves -Some sensory axons like touch, pressure, muscle length, and joint position |
| In the PNS, what cells are not myelinated? | -axons of post-ganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system -olfactory nerves -Some sensory nerves like pain and temperature |
| Ganglia formal definition | a collection of neuron cell bodies located outside the central nervous system |
| What are examples of sensory ganglia? What are examples of autonomic ganglia? | Sensory: DRG, Cranial Nerves Autonomic: Sympathetic, Prevertebral, Paravertebral, Intramural |
| What are the contents of ganglia? | -Neurons -Satellite cells Fibroblasts and Connective tissue -Blood vessels |
| How do you distinguish DRG (sensory ganglia) in slides? | Densely packed and very organized |
| How to distinguish Sympathetic neuron cell bodies? | -often more widely dispersed, with a meshwork of nerve fibers lying between them. -nerve fibers generally are not as well organized |
| What are the sensory endings of the PNS? | 1. Free nerve endings (temperature and pain) 2. Meissner's corpuscles (touch) 3. Pacinian corpuscles (pressure) |
| What makes up the CNS? | Brain, brain stem, spinal chord, gray (switch) and white (wire) matter. |
| What is gray matter? | Cell bodies |
| What is white matter? | Axons |
| What are the three types of glial cells in the CNS? What do they do? | Astrocytes - "glue" that provide nutrients to blood stream Oligodendrocytes - myleninate Microglia - macrophages of CNS |
| New level of Astrocytes | -regulate the level of "firing" of neurons - release transmitters -release trophic factors which modify processing info -regulate neuronal death |
| What do oligodendrocytes do? | Myelinate cells in the CNS, can myelinate several axons |
| What do microglia do? Where are they derived? | -Recruit t cells to site. -Important in tissue degradation and repair, and homeostasis -derived from bone marrow |
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