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ajhs digestion "13
student generated target vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Digestion | The chemical and mechanical process of breaking up food into soluble pieces. |
| Mammal | Feed their young with milk. |
| Nutrients | Substance that provides nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life. |
| Ingestion | The process of consuming food. Eating. |
| Absorption | The process of substances moving into cells or tissues through diffusion. e.g. nutrients being absorbed into the bloodstream. |
| Egestion/Excretion | The process of removing waste material. |
| Mastication | Chewing, ripping, piercing, grinding, movement of tongue. Mechanical Digestion |
| Emulsification (no reaction is taking place) | breaking up of large fat globs into smaller pieces to increase surface area for lipase to act in digesting fat to fatty acid and glycerol |
| Chemical Digestion | Enzymatic reactions, HCl. |
| What helps to digest food in the stomach? | HCl - creates a acidic environment. Pepsin - breaks down protein. Churning of the stomach |
| Enzyme | A catalyst - speeds up a reaction. End in 'ase' e.g. amylase, cellulase, protease, lipase |
| Denature | The deformation of an enzyme due to extreme pH levels or temperature. The active site no longer fits in with the particular substrate and a reaction is therefore not sped up. |
| Polypeptide | Short chain of amino acids |
| Carbohydrates | Made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen eg glucose, starch, sucrose, fructose, cellulose |
| Proteins | Made of amino acids. Broken down by enzyme protease (pepsin/trypsin) |
| Lipids | Made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Broken down by enzyme lipase. |
| Monosaccharide | Simple sugar e.g. glucose |
| Polysaccharide | Complex sugar e.g. starch, cellulose |
| Oesophagus | Food tube, dwon which food is squeezed by circular muscles to stomach |
| Bolus | Ball of food |
| Stomach | Elastic bag after mouth. Contains HCl, pepsin, lined with mucous. pH ~2 which enables pepsin to work at it's optimum and kills bacteria |
| Bile | Made in liver, Stored in gall bladder, Emulsifies lipids, Alkaline pH 7.5-8 |
| Bile Duct | Bile goes out here. Joins up with pancreas tube. Goes into the duodenum |
| Gall Bladder | Stores bile |
| Liver | Nutrients are transported from the small intestine via the hepatic portal vein here. Then are sorted to where they go or converted to be stored. Makes bile |
| Pancreas | Secretes pancreatic juices which contain: (Pancreatic) amylase, Trypsin, amylase, maltase, lipase |
| Small Intestine | Duodenum, Ileum, jujenium |
| Assimilation | When food molecules become a part of the bodies tissue |
| Duodenum | First part of the small intestine. Emulsification of lipids by bile takes place here. Lipase - lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. Amylase - carbohydrates into glucose |
| Chyme | The greenish stuff that leaves the stomach. pH is quite acidic |
| Colon/ Large Intestine | Absorption of water and minerals here. Folded |
| Villi/Microvilli | Small projections that increase surface area in the ileum. Villi are covered in microvilli. Contain capillaries, lymph lacteals |
| Ileum | Middle section of the small intestine. pH 7 - 9. Absorption of nutrients take place here into the bloodstream. Covered in villi and microvilli with Wall is one cell thick |
| Amylase | Converts carbohydrates into glucose, Works best at pH 7 (both pancreatic and salivary) |
| Lipase | Converts lipids into fatty acids and glycerol, Works best at pH 7, Pancreatic lipase from the pancreas |
| Cellulase | Converts cellulose into glucose |
| Protease Pepsin | Works best at pH 1 -2, Made from cells in gastric pits of the stomach. Breaks down proteins into amino acids |
| Protease Trypsin | Made in pancreas. In pancreatic juices. Works best at pH 7, Breaks down proteins into amino acids |
| Amino acids | Make polypeptides that form protein. Cannot be stored. Excess are deaminated and converted into glucose Ammonia is a by-product of deamination and converted into urea which is removed from the body |
| Glucose | Make up carbohydrates, Stored as glycogen |
| Fatty acids and Glycerol | Make up lipids, Stored as fat |
| Appendix | Humans do not use it but is thought to digest plant material as primates. A human equivalent of a caecum. |
| Peristalsis | Muscular movement that helps push food along. Occurs in the oesophagus, small and large intestine. Happens all the time even when you are not eating. |
| Absorbed | When soluble substances go through the wall of the small intestine into the blood. |
| Amylase | An enzyme found in saliva that breaks starch down into sugar. |
| Anus | The opening at the end of the gut. |
| Appendix | Small tube branching off the large intestine. It has no function in humans. Small tube branching off the large intestine. It has no function in humans. |
| Artery | Blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. |
| Balanced diet | Eating a wide variety of foods to give us all the things that we need. |
| Blood | Liquid that flows around the body carrying various substances which are either made by the body or needed by the body. |
| Blood vessel | Tubes in which blood flows. There are capillaries, veins and arteries. |
| Capillaries | Tiny tubes that carry blood. |
| Corbohydrate | Substance found in food that is used for energy. |
| Chemical energy | Energy stored in chemicals like food. |
| Circulatory system | System containing the heart and blood vessels. |
| Constipation | When the intestines get blocked up. |
| Contract | Something gets smaller. |
| Diet | The food that you eat. |
| Digestion | Process that breaks food into soluble substances in our bodies. |
| Digestive juices | A liquid containing enzymes that break down food. |
| Digestive system | A group of organs that carry out digestion. |
| Egestion | When faeces are pushed out of the anus. |
| Enzyme | A chemical that can break up large molecules. |
| Faeces | Waste food material produced by the intestines. |
| Fat | Substance found in food that is stored to be used for energy in the future. It also helps to keep heat in our bodies. |
| Feeding | Putting food into your mouth. Also called ingestion. |
| Fibre | Substance found in food which cannot be used by the body. It helps to keep our intestines clean. |
| Gullet | Tube that goes from the mouth to the stomach. Sometimes called the ‘food pipe’ but properly called the oesophagus. |
| Gut | All the organs of the digestive system apart from the mouth. |
| Heart | Organ that pumps blood around the body. |
| Heart Disease | Disease caused by narrowing of the arteries carrying the blood to the muscles of the heart, so the heart muscles do not receive enough oxygen. |
| Ingestion | Putting food into your mouth. |
| Insoluble | Something that does not dissolve is said to be insoluble. |
| Kilojoule (kJ) | Unit of energy used on food packets. There are 1000 J in 1 kJ. |
| Large intestine | Organ that takes water out of waste food. |
| Mineral | Properly called a ‘mineral salt’ and found in food. Needed in small quantities for health (e.g. calcium). |
| Molar | Grinding tooth at the back of the mouth. |
| Nutrients | Substances needed in the diet to provide raw materials. |
| Nutrition information | Information label found on a food packet to tell you what is in the food. |
| Protein | Substance found in food that is used for growth and repair. |
| Raw materials | Substances used to make other substances out of. |
| Rectum | Organ that stores faeces before they are egested. |
| Respiration | Process that uses up oxygen to release energy from food. Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste gas. |
| Saliva | A digestive juice. It contains an enzyme that breaks down starch into sugar. |
| Salivary grand | Found in the mouth. It makes saliva. |
| Small intestine | Organ where most digestion happens. The soluble substances produced by digestion are absorbed into the body here. It is about 6.5 m long in adults. |
| Solvent | A liquid that can dissolve other substances. |
| Starch | Type of insoluble carbohydrate found in plants. |
| Stomach | Organ containing strong acid which mixes food up and digests proteins. |
| Sugar | Type of soluble carbohydrate. Glucose is an example of a sugar. |
| Tissue | A group of cells of the same type all doing the same job. |
| Tissue fluid | A liquid that leaks out of capillaries carrying dissolved food and oxygen to cells. |
| Vein | Blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart. |
| Villi | Small finger-like parts of the small intestine. They increase the surface area so that digested food is absorbed more quickly. Singular = villus. |
| Vitamin | Substance found in food that is needed in small quantities for health (e.g. vitamin C). |
| Water | A compound made of hydrogen and oxygen which the body uses as a solvent. |
| Prehension | the act of gripping something firmly. Hold: tongue, lips, incisors eg. cow holds grass in mouth |
| Mastication | biting and grinding your food in your mouth so it becomes soft enough to swallow. chew!- to reduce particle size more surface area expose to amylase so carbohydrates can be broken down into glucose: c6h12o6 break cell walls |
| Peristalsis | the process of wavelike muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food along bolus (ball of food) formed by soft and hard palate in roof of mouth involuntary muscle contractions longitudinal and circular muscles |
| Absorption | the process of absorbing |
Created by:
johncl
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