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BJU BIO CH 2
marchbio ch 2 key terms
| Key Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| chemistry | the study of the composition and properties of matter and the energy transformations that accompany changes in the fundamental structure of matter |
| matter | anything that occupies space and has mass; three states: solid, liquid, and gas |
| energy | the ability to do work |
| kinetic energy | energy in motion |
| potential energy | stored energy |
| entropy | the increase in randomness and loss of usable energy |
| solution | a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances in another substance; example: sugar and water |
| solvent | the dissolved substance in a solution |
| suspension | the state of a substance when its particles are mixed but are undissolved and will settle out over time; example: flour and water |
| colloid | a mixture of fine particles that do not settle out; often ni one of two stages, the gel phase (the semisolid state) or the sol phase (the fluid state); example: gelatin and water |
| diffusion | the net movement of molecules fron an area of higher concentration of a substance to an area of lower concentration of that substance; example: perfume in the air and dye in water |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane (selectively permeable membrane) |
| biosynthesis | the putting together of substances by living things |
| carbohydrates | organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| monosaccharides | "single sugar" |
| disaccharides | "double sugar"; examples: maltose, sucrose, and lactose |
| hydrolysis | the breaking down of a disaccharide by adding a water molecule |
| dehydration synthesis | a process in which one sugar loses a hydroxyl group (OH) and another sugar gives up a hydrogen atom, resulting in a water molecule and a disaccharide |
| polysaccharides | "many sugars"; also called comples carbohydrates |
| starch | stored by plants; major source of energy for humans |
| glycogen | "animal starch" |
| cellulose | composed of long chains of glucose molecules; bulk/roughage |
| chitin | strong yet flexible polysaccharide; shells of crabs, lobsters, shrimp; outer covering for insects; found in cell walls of fungi |
| lipids | group of organic substances; only slightly soluble in water but very soluble in organic substances such as alcohol, ether, acetone, and chloroform |
| fatty acids | building blocks for other lipids |
| phospholipids | important in the formation of cell membranes |
| sterols | combine with other substances to form hormones and other compounds, such as cholesterol |
| proteins | long chains of amino acids |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acidp; primary nucleic acid in most organisms |
| replication | the process of producing two new identical DNA molecules from one old one |
| RNA | base nucleic acid in a few organisms; carries message from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes, where proteins are made |
| transcription | a process where RNA is formed from DNA |
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marchbio
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