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First Test Sociology
Sociology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Best def of Sociology | Study of behavior as social beings, social aggregations, and overarching study of all studies |
| Hierarchy of Sciences | Astronomy, Physics, chem, bio, then soc |
| Comte's agenda for sociology | Document and analyze parts of society like family, business, governments, and how they fit together, and analyze everyday social processes that occur within these parts |
| Carry capacity | Number of individuals that can be supported by the resources without degrading the environment |
| Malthusian theory | Population increases geometrically, food production increases arithmatically |
| Positive Checks | Famine, disease, disaster, war, infanticide, murder |
| Preventative Checks | Abstinence, contraception |
| Malthus Critcisms (4) | 1. Underestimated subsistence technology effectiveness 2. |
| Herbert Spencer | Society as an organism, full of interrelated parts. Universal law, society went from homogeneity to heterogeneity |
| Social Darwinism | Societies that grow and evolve are better adapted to changes in environment, wars that happen |
| Emile Durkheim | French sociologist, solidarity |
| Mechanical solidarity | Comraderie, kinship, collective consciousness, common beliefs and values |
| Organic Solidarity | Mutual dependence on others for survival, social exchanges, also education and law inforce this |
| Anomie | When rapid proress and specialization occurs, confusion, conflict in the norms of society, higher rates of disputes, suicide |
| Karl Marx (and Fredrich Engels) | German political-economist, activist, philosopher |
| How proletarians are alienated | the objects of labor, from others, from labor process, from themselves |
| Capitalism has two structures | Base/substructure economy, methods of production, sites of exchange; superstructure, social institutions, government, justice system, education |
| False consciousness | The thought that tequa has, that it is fair, bourgeoisie don't exist |
| Class consciousness | Replace false consciousness with this, revolt against government and bourgeoisie |
| Socialism | Transition state between capitalism and communism |
| Problems with social stratification theory (classes controlled by ownership of means of production)(3) | Existence of contradictary class locations and the middle class. Ignores non-economic dimensions - power, authority, social status, prestige, capital. It assumes that all other inequality stem from economic inequality |
| Rationalization | Social action becomes increasingly organized by rational principles, codes, guidelines, numbers, regularization of action, breaking down complex into manageable parts |
| Max Weber | German sociologist, rationalisation |
| Iron Cage | Rationalisation creates an iron cage of efficiency that we can't escape |
| McDonaldisation | Efficiency; predesigned processes minimize time needed for task, calcuability; 3 oz hamburger, predictability, control, micromanagement of customers and workers |
| Georg Simmel | German, friend of Weber. Urban sociology, intensification of stimulation in city, overwhelming, so many strangers. Leads to "blase attitude" indifference toward others |
| Chicago School of Sociology | 1920s-30s, urban sociology, first school of soc. |
| Concentric zones | Business in the middle, residents farther out. Competition, invasion and succession into zones |
| Social problems, isolation, disorder, crime are the result of | Weakening of norms of civility and sociability, no primary group ties, reduced effectiveness of informal social control like family and religion |
| Jane Jacobs | Challenged conventional urban renewal efforts, called for sidewalks, intermingling, urban spaces facilitate social control, eyes on the street, residential and business coexistence, sidewalks |
| Subculture theory | Urban areas yield a critical mass that enables the formation of social ties among people who have similar interests, which provides a basis for social cohesion |
| Different people affected by city | The more well-off villagers seek out what city has to offer, while deprived feel trapped in poverty |
| Deviance | Behavior that is disapproved, exceeds tolerance of community, can result in sanction, it's a SOCIAL CONSTRUCT, behaviors are not inherantly deviant |
| What deviance stems from, or theories | 1. Social disorganization, deviance is function of disorganization from poverty, heterogeneity, residential turnover 2. Strain, results from unavailabilty to achieve common goals. 3. Rational choice, decision of benefits outweighing costs. |
| What deviance stems from (cont) | 4. Differential assossiation (learning): Those who assocate with deviants likely to be deviant 5. results from internalization of deviant labeling |
| Robert Merton | Deviance guy with Columbia. Coined terms role model, self-fulfilling prophesy. Ambition promotes deviant behavior. |
| Anne Hochschild | U-Cal Berkely, plight of working women |
| Service jobs problems (3) | Physical labor removed, but 1. Supression, self-supression of bad emotions 2. Acting, faking emotions one doesn't feel 3. Cognitive reappraisal, altering how one sees events later on to change reaction |
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tequa
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