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ME Path test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define Abscess | an accumulation of dead cells, dead bacteria, and dead and dying white blood cells |
| define acute inflammation | most often limited in area and duration and is characterized by the cardinal signs of inflammation, can occasionally be very extensive and involve multiple body organs or systems |
| define adhesion | (or pavementing), a process in which white blood cells stick to the walls of blood vessels before emigration through endothelium |
| define agranulocytes | nongranular leukocytes. more active during the later stages of the acute inflammatory process, are longer-lived and much slower to respond to the direction of chemical mediators |
| define alternative pathway | activation of the complement system through immune complexes or bacterial endotoxins |
| define alveolar osteitis | dry socket |
| define angiogenesis | creation of new blood vessels from endothelial cells |
| define bacteremia | bacteria in the blood |
| define basophils | a granular leukocyte with an irregular shaped, two-lobed nucleus. play a role in inflammation related to allergic reactions |
| define bradykinin | powerful chemical mediator that causes vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and pain |
| what are the cardinal signs of inflammation | redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), loss of function (function laesa) |
| define cascade | a series of events in which the product of the first event activates the second event and so on |
| define cellulitis | an inflammation of the connective tissue |
| define chemical mediator | chemicals produced by cells or microorganisms that activate, enhance, or terminate a physiologic action |
| define chemokine | chemical mediator |
| define chemotaxis | movement of cells in response to chemical substances |
| define cicatrix | a scar |
| define classic pathway | activation of the complement system by means of an antigen/antibody complex |
| define clotting system | cascade that results in production of a blood clot to stop blood flow |
| define complement system | cascade that results in formation of chemical mediators or the membrane attack complex |
| define cytokines | produced by macrophages and some types of lymphocytes |
| define edema | large amount of exudates in the tissues |
| define emigration | movement of WBC'S between the endothelial cells in vessel walls out into surrounding tissues |
| define endothemlium | layer of flat cells lining the blood vessels, lymph vessels, and heart |
| define eosinophils | play a role in inflammation related to allergic reactions, also active in fighting off parasitic infections especially of the helminthic (tapeworm) type |
| define epithelization | when epithelial cells from the lower layer of the epithelium at the edges of the wound start to slide down and across the wound surface beneath the scab |
| define exudate | fluid that comes form the blood vessels into the injured tissue |
| define fibroblasts | immature connective tissue cell that can differentiate into cells that produce collagen and other tissues |
| define fibrous repair | results in the creation of a cicatrix that may recreate normal or near-normal tissue formation or architecture but not normal function |
| define fistula | an abnormal passage from one epithelial surface to another |
| define giant cell | large cell formed by the joining of several macrophages |
| define granulation tissue | very fragile vascular tissue |
| define granulocyte | a class of leukocytes which includes polymorphonuclear neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
| define granuloma | persistent area of inflammation in which offending agent can't be removed |
| define granulomatous inflammation | a subset of chronic inflammation and is characterized by the formation of granulomas |
| define histamine | chemical indicator |
| define hyperemia | presence of increases amount of blood in a body part or organ |
| define immunoglobulins | natural antibodies produced by plasma cells |
| define interleukin | has numerous effects during all stages of the inflammatory process, produces fever, increases the need for sleep, and decreases the appetite, also increases leukocyte adherence, prostaglandin synthesis, and fibroblast production. |
| define keloid | a hypertrophic scar, due to excess scar formation |
| define kinin system | cascade that produces chemical mediators such as bradykinin |
| define leukocyte | white blood cells |
| define leukocytosis | an increase in the number of white cells in the blood, a systemic effect of inflammation |
| define leukotriene | synthesized by all types of leukocytes & mast cells, increase vascular permeability & act as chemotactic agents to bring inflammatory cells into area, responsible for sustained effects of vasodilatation & vascular permeability in later stages of inflamm. |
| define lipopolysaccharide | a component of gram-negative bacterial cell walls, chemical mediator that is associated with the chronic inflammation seen in periodontal disease |
| define lymphadenopathy | enlargement of lymph nodes |
| define lymphocytes | leukocytes found in lymph system |
| define lysosome | organelles that contain strong digestive enzymes which are associated with the digestion or elimination of phagocytized foreign matter |
| define lysosomal enzymes | strong digestive enzymes that are associated with the digestion or elimination of phagocytized foreign matter |
| define macrophage | removes dead and dying cells, damaged tissues, inhaled particles, and foreign bodies, primary defense against some microorganisms, processing of antigens for presentation to T cells |
| define margination | leukocytes move toward the endothelial cells of a blood vessel at site of injury |
| define mast cell | granular cell, located near epithelial surfaces and the surfaces of blood vessels; releases histamine |
| define membrane attack complex | the end product of the complete system cascade, it actually punches a hole in the cell membrane of microbes that are targeted for destruction by the immune system |
| define microcirculation | circulation within small blood vessels including arterioles, capillaries, venules |
| define monocyte | circulate within the bloodstream until they enter a specific tissue and become “fixed” |
| define motile phagocytes | can move independently within the tissues and carry out the process of phagocytosis of whatever material they are sent to eliminate |
| define opsonins | substances that enable WBC's to phagocytize resistant bacteria and other substances |
| define opsonization | bacteria targeted to enable phagocytosis |
| define pavementing(or adhesion) | a process in which white blood cells stick to walls of blood vessels before emigration through endothelium |
| define permeable | (permeability) causes gaps in vessel wall between endothelial cells, begins process of exudates formation and vascular stasis |
| define phagocytosis | process of ingestion and digestion by cells of solid substance (bacteria, foreign matter) |
| define phagosome | vacuole that is formed when a phagocytic cell engulfs foreign matter |
| define plasma cells | B lymphocytes involved in synthesis, storage, release of antibodies |
| define plasma fluid | fluid portion of blood |
| define platelet activating factor | chem. mediator causes aggregation of platelets - derived from the cell membranes of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, monocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells |
| define polymorphonuclear neutrophils | |
| define prostaglandin | cause vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, an increased feelings of pain, they also cause bronchoconstriction and smooth muscle contraction and play a part in evating body temperature |
| define pyogenic | pus producing organisms |
| define pyrexia | fever, hallmark of systemic involvement |
| define pyrogen | chemical agents that cause pyrexia |
| define regeneration | the body's attempt to restore itself to it's original state |
| define repair | healing of the area |
| define resolution | reversal of the inflammatory process with a return to normal |
| define septicemia | blood poisoning |
| define serotonin | preformed chemical mediator released from platelets in response to platelet-activating factor, increases vascular permeability |
| define serous exudates | exudates that are thin, clear, have few cells. leaks from cells into tissues. |
| define immunoglobulin | natural antibodies produced by plasma cells |
| define tumor necrosis factor | has effects on all stages of inflammatory process, produces fever, increases need for sleep, decreases appetite, increases leukocyte adherence, prostaglandin synthesis, fibroblast production. |
| define vascular stasis | slowing of the blood through the vessels in the affected area |
| define vasoconstriction | decrease in the diameter of blood vessels |
| define vasodilation | increase in diameter of the blood vessels |
| define active immunity | occurs when antibodies are produced by body in response to antigen |
| define anaphylactic reaction | type I hypersensitivity, plasma cells produce IgE in response to antigen (ex. bee sting, peanuts, latex). (either sever systemic or less severe localized) |
| define antibody | molecule that will react against one or more specific types of antigen. immunoglobulin produced by B-lymphocytes |
| define antigen | agent that triggers the immune response |
| define antigen binding fragment (Fab) | part of antibody that combines with/to an antigen |
| define antigen-presenting cell (APC) | cells (ex. macrophage) able to bring an antigenic substance to a lymphocyte to activate lymphocyte for that antigen |
| define atopic reaction | type I hypersensitivity, includes skin reactions, asthma, upper respiratory manifestations |
| define autoimmune disease | immune system dysfunction where it produces antibodies against the body's own cells |
| define cell-mediated reactions | type IV hypersens. medicated by cells of immune system not antibodies. involves specific T-cells that have been sensitized to a particular antigen |
| define contact dermatitis | result of T-lymphocytes reacting with antigen after skin contact, one of most common forms of type IV hypersensitivity |
| define cytokines | complex system of chemical molecules produced by immune cells, modulates/regulates how system responds to stimulus |
| define cytotoxic reaction | type II hypersensitivity. tissue cells become antigens and immune system attacks them |
| define graft-versus-host reaction | results from immune response to major histocompatibility complexes that are present on surface of cells in donor/recipient tissue |
| define hapten | small molecule, must combine with larger protein molecule for immune system to initiate production of antibodies against it (ex. poison ivy oil, penicillin) |
| define immune complex-mediated reaction | type III hypersens. reaction, antigen-antibody complexes circulate in blood and are deposited in tissues where they initiate inflammatory response |
| define maculopapular | skin reaction consists of flat colored areas and raised colored areas |
| define major histocompatibility complew (MHC) | molecule on surface of cells (almost everyone with nucleus), identifies the cells. - aka human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) |
| define memory cell | B lymphocyte encoded with antigenic info so immune can produce antibodies next time sees same antigen |
| define natural killer cell | T lymphocyte, destroys viral infected cells, tumor cells, doesn't need activation to recognize antigens |
| define nonspecific (natural/innate) immunity | defenses are nonspecific, doesn't need previous exposure to offending agent to neutralize it |
| define opportunistic infection | infection caused by normally non-pathogenic organisms in an immunocompromised patient |
| define passive immunity | immunity obtains from receiving preforms immunoglobulins across the placenta, from breast milk, or by injection |
| define primary immune response | immune response that occurs on the first exposure to an antigen |
| define primary immune deficiency | congenital or inherited abnormalities in immune system that cause it to function less efficiently |
| define secondary immune response | occurs on second and subsequent exposures to an antigen |
| define secondary immune deficiency | acquired later in life; may be result of infection, malignancies, immunosuppressant drug therapy, other causes |
| define self-tolerance | ability of body's cells to recognize it's own cells |
| define specific (acquired) immunity | acts against previously encountered agents with antibodies & activated lymphocytes specific for it |
| define target cells | cell that has receptors for specific hormones or substances located on it's cell membrane |
| define T cytotoxic cell | T lymphocyte that has ability to destroy cells that is has been activated against. (ex. cancer cells, virus infected cells, normal cells body didn't recognize). activated by T helper or macrophage |
| define T helper cell | T lymphocytes that enhance response of other B and T cells |
| define Waldeyer's ring | ring of oropharyngeal lymph tissue comprising the lingual and palatine tonsils, and the pharyngeal tonsil or adenoid |
Created by:
mnerion
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