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Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Triglyceride | A fat with three fatty acid tails. |
| Carbohydrates | Molecule that consists primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio. |
| Saturated fatty acids | Fatty acid that contains no carbon–carbon double bonds. |
| Monosaccharides | Simple sugar; monomer of polysaccharides. |
| Unsaturated fatty acids | Fatty acid that has one or more carbon–carbon double bonds in its tail. |
| Metabolism | All the enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which cells acquire and use energy as they build and break down organic molecules. |
| Lipids | Fatty, oily, or waxy organic compound. |
| Amino acid | Small organic compound that is a subunit of proteins. Consists of a carboxyl group, an amine group, and a characteristic side group (R), all typically bonded to the same carbon atom. |
| Functional groups | A group of atoms bonded to a carbon of an organic compound; imparts a specific chemical property to the molecule. |
| Fatty acids | Organic compound that consists of a chain of carbon atoms with an acidic carboxyl group at one end. Carbon chain of saturated types has single bonds only; that of unsaturated types has one or more double bonds. |
| Polymers | Molecule that consists of multiple monomers. |
| Monomers | Molecules that are subunits of polymers. |
| Nucleic acids | Single- or double-stranded chain of nucleotides joined by sugar–phosphate bonds; for example, DNA, RNA. |
| Disaccharides | Polymer of two sugar subunits. |
| Fatty acid | Organic compound that consists of a chain of carbon atoms with an acidic carboxyl group at one end. Carbon chain of saturated types has single bonds only; that of unsaturated types has one or more double bonds. |
| Starch | Polysaccharide; energy reservoir in plant cells. |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid. Nucleic acid that carries hereditary information about traits; consists of two nucleotide chains twisted in a double helix. |
| Nucleotides | Monomer of nucleic acids; has a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and phosphate groups. |
| Phospholipids | A lipid with a phosphate group in its hydrophilic head, and two nonpolar fatty acid tails; main constituent of eukaryotic cell membranes. |
| Proteins | Organic compound that consists of one or more chains of amino acids (polypeptides). |
| Polysaccharides | Polymer of many monosaccharides. |
| Glycogen | Polysaccharide; energy reservoir in animal cells. |
| Carbohydrate | Molecule that consists primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio. |
| Cellulose | Polysaccharide; major structural material in plants. |
| Triglycerides | A fat with three fatty acid tails. |
| Enzymes | Compound (usually a protein) that speeds up a reaction without being changed by it. |
| Amino acids | Small organic compound that is a subunit of proteins. Consists of a carboxyl group, an amine group, and a characteristic side group (R), all typically bonded to the same carbon atom. |
| Triglyceride | A fat with three fatty acid tails. |
| Elements | A pure substance that consists only of atoms with the same number of protons. |
| Molecule | Group of two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds. |
| Hydrophobic | Describes a substance that resists dissolving in water. |
| Salts | Ionic compound that releases ions other than H+ and OH– when it dissolves in water. |
| Isotopes | Forms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons their atoms carry. |
| Covalent bond | Chemical bond in which two atoms share a pair of electrons. |
| Ions | Atom that carries a charge because it has an unequal number of protons and electrons. |
| Hydrophilic | Describes a substance that dissolves easily in water. |
| Chemical bond | An attractive force that arises between two atoms when their electrons interact. |
| Hypothesis | Testable explanation of a natural phenomenon. |
| Control group | In an experiment, a group of individuals who are not exposed to the independent variable being tested. |
| Experimental group | In an experiment, a group of individuals who are exposed to an independent variable. |
| Independent variable | Variable that is controlled by an experimenter in order to explore its relationship to a dependent variable. |
| Eukaryotes | Organism whose cells characteristically have a nucleus. |
| Lysosomes | Enzyme-filled vesicle that functions in intracellular digestion. |
| Plasma membrane | A cell's outermost membrane. |
| Golgi body | Organelle that modifies polypeptides and lipids; also sorts and packages the finished products into vesicles. |
| Ribosomes | Organelle of protein synthesis. Protein assembly sites and are dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. |
| Cell wall | Semirigid but permeable structure that surrounds the plasma membrane of some cells. |
| Chloroplasts | Organelle of photosynthesis in the cells of plants and many protists. |
| Nuclear envelope | A double membrane that constitutes the outer boundary of the nucleus. Pores in the membrane control which substances can cross. |
| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | Organelle that is a continuous system of sacs and tubes; extension of the nuclear envelope. Smooth ER makes lipids and breaks down carbohydrates and fatty acids; rough ER modifies polypeptides made by ribosomes on its surface. |
| Centriole | Barrel-shaped organelle from which microtubules grow. |
| Plasmids | Small circle of DNA in some bacteria and archaea. |
| Vacuoles | A fluid-filled organelle that isolates or disposes of waste, debris, or toxic materials. |
| Mitochondrion | Organelle that produces ATP by aerobic respiration in eukaryotes. |
| Nucleoids | Region of cytoplasm where the DNA is concentrated inside a bacterium or archaeon. |
| Mitochondria | Organelle that produces ATP by aerobic respiration in eukaryotes. |
| Gap junctions | Cell junction that forms a channel across the plasma membranes of adjoining animal cells. |
| Nucleus | Organelle with two membranes that holds a eukaryotic cell's DNA. |
| Vesicles | Small, membrane-enclosed, saclike organelle; different kinds store, transport, or degrade their contents. |
| Cytoplasm | Semifluid substance enclosed by a cell's plasma membrane. |
| Nucleoi | In a cell nucleus, a dense, irregularly shaped region where ribosomal subunits are assembled. |
| Critical Thinking | All research involves? |
| Observe, Research, hypothesis, Prediction, Experiment | Steps of the scientific method |
| Larger | To get the best sample results, sample a ____ group size. |
| Small | Sampling errors most occur when sampling sizes are too ______. |
| Atom | The smallest unit of matter. |
| Chemical Properties | Elements are arranged based on their______. |
| Full | An element is considered stable when the outermost level is ______. |
| Ion | An atom with an unequal set of protons and electrons is called an ____. |
| Salt | What is an example of an ionic bond? |
| Covalent Bond | What is a bond that holds two or more atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons? |
| Polar bond | _____ is formed when two or more atoms share electrons unequally? |
| Nonpolar bond | What bond is formed when two or more atoms share electrons equally? |
| Water | What is an example of a polar bond? |
| Polar | Most covalent bonds are polar. |
| polar, nonpolar | ____ substances are hydrophilic (salutes). ____ substances are hydrophobic (nonsalutes). |
| Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon | Most abundant elements in living things. |
| Simple Sugars | ______ are the base unit for carbs? |
| Fatty acids | _____ are lipids that are non-polar and aren't solvable in water. |
| Amino acids | What are the building blocks of protein? |
| Nucleotides | _____ forms the basic building blocks of DNA and RNA and are also called monomers. (building blocks of larger molecules) |
| Monomers | What can be joined to form polymers that can then be broken down to release energy? |
| Metabolism | ______ is also referred to as cellular activity. |
| Enzymes | What are special proteins that act as catalysts and speed up chemical reactions but remain unchanged. |
| Carbohydrates | _____ are organic compounds made of carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen? |
| Monosaccharides | Simple sugars with one sugar unit that are salutes and the simplest carbs. |
| Ribose | Monosaccharide that is the building blocks for nucleic acids and has a 5 carbon backbone. |
| Glucose | Monosaccaride found in plants is used by cells for instant energy and has a 6 carbon backbone. |
| Disaccharides | Most plentiful sugar found in nature and has 2 sugar units. |
| Lactose | _____ is a disaccharide found in diary? |
| Polysaccharide | ____ has many sugar units? sticky and help cells attach to surfaces. |
| Starch | _____ is a polysaccharide and used by plants as a storage of energy? |
| Glycogen | ______ is a pollysaccaride used by animals to store energy? |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acids | What are liquids(oils) at room temperature because they have one or more double bonds? |
| Saturated Fatty Acids | What has only single bonds and are solids at room temperature? |
| Triglycerides | (butter, lard, oils) Body's most abundant and richest source of energy and insulation? |
| Compound | A substance in which the relative percentages of 2 or more elements never vary. |
| Cohesion | _____ is especially important in pulling water through plants. |
| DNA | Has the instructions to make proteins? |
| Plasma membrane, nucleus/nucleod region, cytoplasm | what 3 features do all cells have in common? |
| Plasma membrane | This separates each cell from the environment, permits the flow of molecules, and contains receptors. |
| Nucleus or Nucleod region | This region contains hereditary material, which can be copied and read. |
| Cytoplasm | Contains membrane systems, particles(including ribosomes,filaments,and semi-fluid substance. |
| Prokaryotic cells | The smallest known cells and are the most metabolically diverse forms of life on earth. (bacteria) Contain cell walls |
| Nuclear envelope | Encloses the semi-fluid interior of the nucleus. Outer surface is studded with ribosomes. |
| Chromatin | refers to the cells total collection of DNA and associated proteins. Looks grainy in the cytoplasm |
| Rough ER | Consists of stacked, flattened sacs with many ribosomes attached. Oligosaccharide groups are attached to polypeptides as they pass through. |
| Smooth ER | An are from which vesicle carrying proteins and lipids are budded; also inactivates harmful chemicals. |
| Golgi body | Arranged in stacks of flattened sacs whose edges break away as vesticles. |
| Golgi Body | In the ______ proteins and lipids undergo final processing, sorting, and processing. |
| Lysosome (garbage collector) | Vesticles that bud from the Golgi body; carry powerful enzymes that can digest the contents of other vesticles, worn-out cell parts, or bacteria and foreign particles. |
| Mitochondria | Primary job is to transfer the energy in carbs to ATP. |
| Mitochondria | Like bacteria this cell structure has its own DNA and divide on their own apart from the cell. They have ribosomes. |
| Eukaryotic | plant cells are _________? |
| plasma membranes | Animal cells do not have cell walls they have ______ . Everything else has cell walls. |
| Central Vacuoles | These store amino acids, sugars, ions, and wastes. |
| plasmodesmata | In plants, tiny channels called ______ cross adjacent primary walls and connect the cytoplasm. |
| Gap Junctions | In animals, ________ are small, open channels that directly link the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. |
Created by:
Thorske
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