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BIO104 - CH2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass: solid, liquid, gas |
| Element | basic building blocks of matter; can't be broken down by chemical means |
| Atom | Smallest unit of an element that still retains the chemical and physical properties of the element |
| Subatomic particles that make up an atom | Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons |
| Which subatomic particle(s) reside in the nucleus? | Protons and Neutrons |
| Which subatomic particle(s) move about the nucleus? | Electrons |
| Electron shell | Circle around the nucleus of the atom |
| Atomic Number | All atoms of a an element have the same number of protons. Since the atoms ate electronically neutral, it also tells you the number of electrons. Represented as the bottom number in atom. |
| Mass Number | Sum of Protons and Neutrons |
| Mass of Protons and Neutrons | 1 Atomic Mass Unit (AMU) each |
| Mass of Electrons | 0 AMU |
| Atomic Mass | Is the average of AMU for all Isotopes and is the top number represented in atom. |
| Isotopes | Atoms that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. Their Mass Numbers are different. Subtract atomic number from mass to find number of neutrons. |
| Radioisotope | An atom that when decays releases various types of energy in form of rays and subatomic particles. |
| Molecule | Atoms that bound with another to forma a chemical unit. Atoms can be the same or different. |
| Compound | A molecules made up of different atoms. |
| Stable Atom | Atoms with more than one shell are most stable when the outer shell contains eight electrons. |
| Ionic bonding | Atoms give up or take on an electron or electrons to make a stable outer shell. |
| Ions | Particles that carry either a positive or negative charge. Ion carries a positive charge if more protons; negative charge if more electrons. |
| Covalent bonding | Atoms share electrons. |
| Covalent - Single bonding | Atoms share only a pair of electrons |
| Covalent - Double and Triple Bonding | Atoms share 2 pairs of electrons (double) and 3 pairs (triple). |
| Polar molecule | Has a slightly negative and slightly positive charge between atoms |
| Hydrogen bond | Attraction of a slightly positive, covalently bonded hydrogen to a slightly negative atom nearby. Represented by a dotted line. |
| Properties of water | High Heat Capacity; High Heat of Evaporation; Solvent; Cohesive & Adhesive; Frozen Water is Less Dense than Liquid Water |
| Calorie | Amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1degreeC. |
| How many calories of heat energy does it take to turn coldest water to ice? | Loss off 80 |
| How many calories of heat energy does it take to convert 1g of hottest water to gas? | 540 |
| Solution | Contains dissolved substances |
| Solutes | the dissolved substances in a solution |
| Hydrophilic | Molecules that attract water |
| Hydrophobic | Molecules that can't attract water. (Nonpolar) |
| Cohesion | The ability of water molecules to cling to each other due to hydrogen bonding. |
| Adhesion | Ability of water molecules to cling to other polar surfaces. |
| Acids | Substances that dissociate in water, releasing hydrogen ions (H+). The acidity depends on how fully it dissociates. |
| Bases | Substances that either take up hydrogen (H+) or releases hydroxide ions (OH-). |
| PH Scale | used to indicate acidity or basicity of a solution. Below 7 is acidic; above 7 is base and 7 is neutral. |
| Buffers | Help keep the pH within normal limits because they are chemical or combinations of chemicals that take up excess hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions. |
| Categories of Organic Molecules | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| Organic | A molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen and usually associated with living organisms. |
| Macromolecule | a molecule that contains many subunits |
| Dehydration reaction | When a cell constructs a macromolecule by removing a OH (hydroxyl group) and an H (hydrogen atom) between subunits to make the marcro. |
| Hydrolysis Reaction | When a cell breaks down a macromolecule by components of water are added during the breaking of a bond between the molecules. Add the water to break into subunits. |
| Carbohydrates | Characterized by the presence of atomic grouping H-C-OH where ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2 to one. Function for quick short-term energy. CH2O |
| Simple carbohydrates | A carbohydrate mad up of just one ring and its carbon atoms is low ( 5 to 7). Monosaccharide and Disaccharide |
| Monosaccharide (Simple) | 1 sugar - glucose |
| Disaccharide (Simple) | 2 sugars connected by covalent bond - maltos |
| Complex carbohydrate (Polysaccharide) | Contain many glucose units - long chain of sugar that can be straight or branched. |
| Types of Polysaccharide | Storage and Structural |
| Storage Polysaccharide | Stores food inside cell (form of energy), easy to break down into sugar units, example: starch and glycogen |
| Structural Polysaccharide | Structural components for cell (not food), not easy to break down, example: cellulose and chitlin |
| Lipids | Contain carbon, hydrogen and Oxygen (CHO)(and some have phosphorous (P)). Does not dissolve in water,used as energy modules found in cell membrane. oils, fats, steroids, phospholipids |
| Lipids (Fats) | Usually animal origin, solid at room temperature, long-term energy storage, insulation from heat loss, cushions for organs |
| Lipids (oils) | Plant origin, liquid at room temperature |
| Triglycerides (Fat) | A type of fat that stores energy, structure made up of glycerol and 3 fatty acids |
| Saturated fats | Solid at room temperature because all the fatty acids in triglyceride have only a single bond (straight and easy to pack together). |
| Unsaturated fats | liquid at room temperature because at least one of the fatty acids in the triglyceride has a double or triple bonding making it harder to pack together. |
| Atherosclerosis | hardening of the arteries - fatty deposits called plaques form on the inside of blood vessels reducing blood flow and oxygen supply. Caused by saturated fat. |
| Trans Fat | created artificially; hydrogens are on opposite sides of carbon, may be partially hydrogenated; not healthy |
| Polyunsaturated fat | has many double bounds; corn, canola, safflower oil; healthy |
| Which fat is healthiest | polyunsaturated |
| Which fat is unhealthiest | Trans fat |
| Phospholipids (lipid) | main components of membranes; forms a bilayer; structure: glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and phosphate group |
| Phospholipids arrangement in cell group | polar head at surface, nonpolar tail at middle, tail to tail; |
| Steroid (lipid) | Structure: 4 fused carbon rings; made of cholesterol; example: estrogen, testosterone, anabolic |
| Polypeptide | formed when 3 or more amino acids are formed by peptide bounds |
Created by:
PFlynn
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