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Biology ess. knowl.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the basic unit of matter? | The atom |
| What is the study of matter? | Chemistry |
| What is an atom made from? | Subatomic particles called electrons, neutrons, and protons. |
| What charge does a proton have? | Positive charge |
| What charge does an electron have? | Negative charge |
| What charge does a neutron have? | It has no charge. It is neutral. |
| Compare an electron to a proton. | It is very small compared to a proton. 1/1840th the mass of a proton. |
| What is in constant motion around the nucleus of an atom? | Electrons |
| What does the nucleus contain? | It contains protons and neutrons. |
| Compare protons and neutrons. | They are the same size. |
| Why are atoms neutral? | They contain the same number of protons and electrons. |
| What holds molecules together? | Chemical bonds |
| What type of electrons are available to form bonds? | Valence electrons |
| When does a covalent bond form? | It forms when electrons are shared between the atoms of a molecule. |
| What are molecules? What are bonds called? | Matter that is held together by covalent bonds. Molecular bonds. |
| When does an ionic bond form? | It is formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. |
| What are compounds? | Matter held together by ionic bonds. |
| What holds molecules of matter together? | Vander Wall Forces |
| What type are water molecules? | Polar |
| What forms hydrogen bonds? | Water molecules |
| What is a mixture? | A material that is composed of two or more elements that can be physically separated. |
| What is a solution? What is the solute of a solution? | A type of mixture. The substance being dissolved. |
| What is the solvent of a solution? | The substance that does the dissolving. |
| What is a suspension? | A solution where a substance does not dissolve but becomes suspended in the solution. |
| What is a pH? | A scale for indicating the concentration of H+ ions in a solution. |
| What contains higher concentrations of H+ ions than pure water? | Acidic solutions |
| Acidic solutions have a pH below ...? | 7.0 |
| What solutions have a pH above 7.0? | Basic(also known as alkaline) |
| What are buffers? | Weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids and bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH. |
| Carbon atoms have how many valence electrons? | 4.0 |
| How does large chains form? | They form when carbon atoms bond together. |
| What are giant molecules called? | Macromolecules |
| What is polymerization? | A process of forming macromolecules by joining together smaller ones. |
| What are monomers? | The smaller units that are joined together to create polymers. |
| What are organic compounds? | Compounds made from carbon. |
| What are the four groups of organic compounds? | Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. |
| What are carbohydrates? | Compounds made from carbon(c), hydrogen(H), and oxygen(O). |
| What uses carbohydrates as their main source of energy? | Living things |
| What provides immediate energy for cells? | The breakdown of sugars. |
| Living things store extra sugars as...? | Starches |
| What is sugar? | The monomer of the starch polymer. |
| What are monosaccharides? | Simple sugars |
| What are polysaccharides? | Large molecules formed from monosaccharides. |
| What is an example of a polysaccharide? | Glycogen |
| What are lipids mostly made from? | Carbon and hydrogen atoms. |
| Lipids can be used for what? | To store energy |
| Some lipids are important parts of ...? | Membranes and waterproof coverings |
| How does fatty acids form? | Lipids join together |
| What makes fatty acids saturated? | Fatty acids with no double-bond between carbon atoms |
| What makes fatty acids unsaturated? | When there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond |
| What are nucleic acids? | Macromolecules that contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. |
| What are nucleotides? | The monomers of the nucleic acid. |
| What do nucleic acids store and transmit? | Hereditary (genetic) information |
| What are the two types of nucleic acids? | RNA and DNA |
| What are proteins? | Polymers made from amino acids. |
| What is stored in the DNA? | The instructions for arranging amino acids into different proteins. |
| What controls the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes? | Some proteins |
| Some proteins are used for what? | Bone, muscle, and other tissue |
| What transports substances in and out of cells and helps fight diseases? | Some proteins |
| What is a chemical reaction? | Process that changes a set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. |
| What are reactants? | The elements or compounds that enter into a reaction. |
| What are products? | The elements or compounds that are produced from a chemical reaction. |
| What always involve the breaking of the bonds of reactants and the formation of new bonds in the products? | Chemical reactions |
| What kinds of chemical reactions occur spontaneously? | Reactions that release energy(exothermic) |
| What kinds of chemical reactions will not occur without a source of energy? | Reactions that absorb energy(endothermic) |
| What is activation energy? | The energy needed to get a reaction going. |
| What is a catalyst? | A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. |
| How does a catalyst work? | By lowering a reactions' activation energy. |
| What is an enzyme? | A protein that act as biological catalysts. |
| Enzymes provide what? | A site where reactants can be brought together to react. |
| What are substrates? | The reactants of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. |
| The cell theory states the following: ? | 1. All things are composed of cells, 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all living things, 3. New cells are produces from living cells. |
| What is a cell membrane? | A thin flexible membrane that surrounds the cell. |
| What kinds of cells have cell membranes? | All cells |
| Plants have what? | A cell wall. |
| What is the nucleus? | A larger structure that contains the cell's genetic material and controls the cells activities. |
| What is the cytoplasm? | The material(except for the nucleus) inside the cell membrane. |
| What types of cells do not have a nucleus? | Prokaryote cells |
| What types of cells do have a nucleus? | Eukaryote cells |
| Eukaryote cells have what in the cytoplasm? | They have other structures in the cytoplasm called organelles. |
| What does the cell wall provide? | Protection and support for the cell. |
| What is chromatin? | The granular substance that is visible within the nucleus. |
| What are chromosomes? | Chromatin that has clumped together in preparation for cell division. |
| Where is the nucleolus located? | Within the nucleus and is where the assembly of ribosomes begins. |
| What is the nuclear envelope? | A double membrane surrounding the nucleus. |
| What is the cytoskeleton? | A network of protein filaments that helps the cell maintain its shape. |
| What makes up the cytoskeleton? | Microtubules and microfilaments |
| Ribosomes are...? | Where proteins are assembled within the cytoplasm |
| What is the endoplasmic reticulum? | The organelle in which components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified. |
| Where are proteins made(synthesized)? | The rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum contain? | Collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks |
| What attaches carbohydrates and lipids to proteins? | Enzymes in the Golgi apparatus |
| What do lysosomes break down? | Molecules for cell nutrition as well as break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness. |
| What are vacuoles? | Sac like areas within the cytoplasm that are used for storage. |
| Where are chloroplasts found? | Only in plant cells. |
| What do chloroplasts do? | Transfer the energy in sunlight into substances plants can use. |
| What are mitochondria? | Organelles that release energy from stored food molecules. |
| What contains some of their own DNA? | Mitochondria and chloroplasts. |
| What regulates what enters and leaves the cell? | The cell membrane |
| What does diffusion cause? | It causes many substances to move across the cell membrane but does not require the cell to use energy. |
| What allows some materials to pass through but not others? | A selectively permeable membrane |
| What is osmosis? | The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. |
| How does facilitated diffusion occur? | A substance has a chemical "helper" to get it across a membrane. |
| What is active transport? | Moves substances across a membrane from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration. |
| What is endocytosis? | It is where substances are taking into a cell by the membrane folds and pockets. |
| What is phagocytosis? | Taking in large particles by endocytosis |
| What is cell specialization? | Refers to the concept that cells in multicellular organisms are specialized to perform particular functions within the organisms. |
| What is exocytosis? | The removal of large substances from the cell. |
| How can a multicellular organism be described? | Using the levels of organization concept: cells make tissues, tissues make organs, organs make organ systems, and organ systems make up an organism. |
| What is energy? | The ability to work. |
| What is an autotroph? | An organism that can make its own food(like plants). |
| What are heterotrophs? | Organisms that can't use the sun's energy directly. |
| What is adenosine triphosphate(ATP)? | One of the principle compounds used to store biological energy. |
| What are pigments? | Light absorbing chemicals |
| What is chlorophyll? | A pigment |
| What are the two types of chlorophyll important to plants? | Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b |
| What are thylakoids? | Sac-like structures within the chloroplast |
| What takes place in the thylakoids? | Light dependent reaction |
| What takes place in the stroma? | The Calvin Cycle |
| Where is the stroma? | The area outside of the thylakoids |
| What can the carrier molecule NADP+ and NADPH can accept? | A pair of high energy electrons and transfer them along with most of their energy to another molecule. |
| What does the light dependent reactions produce? | Oxygen gas and converts ADP and NADP+ into energy carriers ATP and NADPH. |
| What does the Calvin Cycle do? | It uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce high energy sugars |
| What affects photosynthesis? | Light intensity, water and temperature |
| What is glycolysis? | The slow release of energy from glucose |
| How does glycolysis work? | The process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a three carbon compound. |
| What is cellular respiration? | The process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen. |
| What is anaerobic? | Respiration reactions that do not require oxygen. |
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