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Biology Ch. 2
The chemical context of life
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| An | Not |
| Co | Together |
| Electro | Electricity |
| Iso | Equal |
| Neutr | Neither |
| Pro | Before |
| Anion | A negatively charged ion |
| Atomic mass | The total mass of an atom, which is the mass in grams of one mole of the atom |
| Atomic nucleus | an atoms central core, containing protons and neutrons |
| Atomic number | The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol |
| Cation | An ion with a positive charge, produced by the loss of one or more electrons |
| Chemical bond | An attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outershell electrons for the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gIN complete outer electron shells |
| Chemical equilibrium | in a reversible chemical reaction, the point at which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction |
| Chemical reaction | A process leading to chemical changes in matter; involves the making and or breaking of chemical bonds |
| Compound | A substance consisting of two were more elements in a fixed ratio |
| Covalent bonds | A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons |
| Electron | A subatomic particle with a single negative charge. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom |
| Electron shell | And energy level represented as the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom |
| Electronegativity | The attraction of and atom for the electrons of a covalent bond |
| Element | Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance |
| Energy | The capacity to do work or to move matter against an opposing force |
| Hydrogen bond | A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atoms of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of the polar covalent bond in another molecule |
| Ion | And atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge |
| Ionic bond | A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions |
| Ionic compound | A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called a salt |
| Isotope | One of several atomic forms of an element, each containing a different number of neutrons and thus differing in atomic mass |
| Mass number | The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atoms nucleus |
| Matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass |
| Molecular formula | A type of molecular notation indicating only the quantity of the constituent atoms |
| Molecule | Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
| Neutron | An electrically neutral article having no electrical charge. Found in the nucleus of an atom |
| Nonpolar covalent bond | A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity |
| Orbital | The three dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time |
| Polar covalent bond | A covalent bond between atoms that differ in a electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atoms, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive |
| Potential energy | The energy stored by matter as a result of its location or spatial arrangement |
| Product | And ending material in a chemical reaction |
| Proton | A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge found in the nucleus of an atom |
| Radioactive isotope | And isotope that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy |
| Reactant | A starting material in a chemical reaction |
| Salt | A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called ionic compound |
| Structural formula | A type of molecular notation in which the constituent atoms are joined by lines representing covalent bonds |
| Trace elements | An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts |
| Valence | The bonding capacity of an atom, generally equal to the number of unpaired electrons in the atoms outermost shell |
| Valence electron | An electron in the outermost electron shell |
| Valence shell | The outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in chemical reactions of that atom |
| Compounds or molecules | Matter is comprised of elements which maybe individual or combined in various ratios to form what? |
| Element | What is something that cannot be further broken down by just typical chemical reactions so once you go below the level of matter, you're dealing with subatomic particles |
| 92 | How many naturally occurring elements are there? |
| Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen | Most living organisms are made of just four elements, what are they? |
| Three | An atom can be broken down into how many parts? |
| Protons | What is found in the atomic nucleus and is positively charged? |
| Neutrons | What is found in the atomic nucleus and is electrically neutral? |
| Electrons | What is found surrounding the atomic nucleus in series of electron shells and is negatively charged? |
| Atomic number | What is the number of protons in an atom? |
| Atomic number | What is also the number of electrons in a neutral atom? |
| Atomic number | Each element has a unique what? |
| Mass number | What is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons? |
| Isotopes | Varieties of the same element which have the same atomic number thus the same proton umber, but different mass numbers thus different numbers of neutrons, are called what? |
| Valence electrons | What is in the outermost electron shell of an atom? |
| Valence electrons | What are the only electrons involved in bonds with other Atoms? |
| Valence number | What is the number of unpaired valence electrons that determines how many bonds and atom can form with other atoms? |
| Orbitals | Electrons are found in certain areas 90% of the time called what? |
| 1s | The first electron shell has one S orbital labeled what? |
| 2s and 2p | The second electron shell has one S orbital named what, and 3 p orbitals named what? |
| 2 | How many electrons can each orbital maximally hold? |
| Two electrons | The first shell can potentially hold a total of how many electrons? |
| Eight electrons | The second shell can potentially hold a total of how many electrons? |
| Inert elements | Elements that have complete valence shells and do not interact with other atoms are called what? |
| Covalent bonds | What is it called when an atom can complete its valence shell by sharing electrons with other atoms? |
| Ions or charged atoms | What is formed when an atom loses or gains electrons? |
| Polar covalent bonds | What occurs between atoms that have different electronegativity values? |
| Electronegativity | What is the measure of how strong an atom attracts shared electrons? |
| Nonpolar covalent bonds | What occurs between atoms that have equal electronegativity values |
| Single covalent bond | What is one pair of electrons shared between atoms called? |
| Double covalent bonds | What is the sharing of two pairs of electrons between atoms called? |
| Molecular formulas | What shows which element and how many are found a molecule? |
| Structural formulas | What shows the physical arrangement of atoms in a molecule? |
| Ions | What forms when electrons are transferred between atoms? |
| Anions | Atoms that gain electrons and become negatively charged are called what? |
| Cations | Atoms that lose electrons and become positively charged are called what? |
| Ionic bonds | Anions and cations attract each other and form what? |
| Ionic compounds or salts | What is formed between ions? |
| Hydrogen bonds | What are weak transient bonds formed between polar molecules due to slight positive and negative charges caused by polar covalent bonds within the molecules? |
| Reactants | In a chemical reaction, the molecules entering the reaction while the products are formed after breaking the reactant molecules bonds and rearranging the atoms into new bonds are called what? |
| Atomic number | What is the number of protons, unique to each atom, and is also equal to the number of electrons for neutral atoms (no pos or neg)? |
| Element | If you change the number of protons, you change the? |
| Mass number | What is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom? |
| Atomic mass | The mass number is an approximation of what? |
| Five protons, six neutrons, five electrons | Boron has an atomic number of five and a mass number of 11, how many protons, neutrons, and electrons does boron have? |
| 12 protons, 12 neutrons, 12 electrons | Magnesium has an atomic number of 12 and a mass number of 24. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does magnesium have? |
| Isotopes | Atoms of a given element may occur in different forms called what? |
| Neutrons in atomic nucleus | Isotopes Will differ in the number of what? |
| Number of protons | Isotopes will have the same number of what |
| The mass number | The difference in the number of neutrons in the atomic nucleus of an isotope, will change what? |
| Radioactive dating | What is it called when isotopes are used to date biological samples? |
| Electronegativity | What is the attraction of a particular atom for the electrons in a covalent bond called? |
| Higher | The (blank) electronegativity, the stronger it pulls electrons towards itself |
| Nonpolar covalent bond | Atoms have the same electronegativity, for example hydrogen and hydrogen |
| Polar covalent bond | Atoms have different electronegativities and share electrons unequally, for example hydrogen and oxygen |
| Positive | The hydrogen side of H2O has a partial (blank) charge? |
| Negative | The oxygen side of H2O has a partial (blank) charge? |
| Ionic bonds | WHAT IS FORMED WHEN ATOMS STRIP ELECTRONS AWAY FROM THEIR BONDING PARTNER? THEY ARE WEAKER THAN COVALENT BONDS |
| Ions | Electron transfer between two atoms creates what? |
| Unequal and not neutral | The number of protons and electrons in an ion will be what? |
| Ionic compounds | Often called salts, and form crystals |
| Both involve charge differences, and both have positive and negative areas in an overall molecule | What are the similarities between polar molecules and ionic compounds? |
| The types of bonds involved and the degree of charge strength, Polar is covalent bonds, ionic is ionic bonds | What are the differences between polar molecules and ionic compounds? |
Created by:
SarahRupp22
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