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Bio101 Chpt 3
Campbell Biology101 Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Organic Compound | Carbon-based molecules. |
| Hydrocarbons | Carbon and hydrogen compounds. |
| Carbon Skeleton | Chain of carbon atoms that vary in length, size, and shape. |
| Isomers | Are compounds with the same formula but in a different structure. |
| Functional Groups | Six chemical groups that are important in the chemistry of life. |
| Hydrophilic | Water loving - soluble in water. |
| Macromolecule | Large molecules |
| Polymers | Macromolecules joining smaller molecules into chains; made up of smaller identical monomers. |
| Monomers | Single unit building blocks of polymers. |
| Hydrolysis | Means to break with water |
| Enzymes | Special macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells. |
| Carbohydrate | Small sugar molecules like sugar or large polysaccharides like starch. |
| Monosaccharides | Single unit sugars |
| Disaccharide | Two monosaccharide monomers linked together by the dehydration reaction. |
| Polysaccharides | Are many macromolecules linked together by the dehydration reaction. |
| Starch | A storage polysaccharide in plants; a polymer of glucose. |
| Glycogen | An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in liver and muscle cells; the animal equivalent of starch. |
| Cellulose | A polysaacharide of plant cell walls composed of glucose monomers; these molecules are linked into cable-like fibrils. |
| Chitin | A structural polysaccharide found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of arthropods. |
| Lipids | Diverse compounds that are grouped together because they share one trait: they do not mix well with water. |
| Hydrophobic | Lipids are this; water fearing. |
| Fat | Large lipids made from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids. |
| Phospholipds | The major component of cell membranes. |
| Steroids | Lipids in which the carbon skeleton contains four fused rings. |
| Cholesterol | A steroid that is an important component of animal cell membranes and that acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other steroids, such as hormones. |
| Protein | A polymer of amino acids. |
| Amino Acids | Contains an amino group and carboxyl group. |
| Peptide Bond | The covalent bond between two amino acid units in a polypeptide, formed by a dehydration reaction. |
| Polypeptide | A polymer (chain) of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. |
| Denaturation | A process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function. |
| Primary Structure | A proteins linear sequence of amino acids. |
| Secondary Structure | A proteins alpha helix and beta pleated sheet formed by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone. |
| Tertiary Structure | A proteins three-dimensional shape formed by interactions between R groups. |
| Quaternary Structure | Fourth level of a protein that contains multiple polypeptides. |
| Gene | A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA. |
| Nucleic Acids | A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins. |
| Ribonucleic Acids | A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar. |
| Nucleotides | A building block of nucleic acids, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups. |
Created by:
dtgs2010
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