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Reproductive Vocab
Reproductive System Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Androgens | Generic term for the male sex hormones, such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. |
| Androgen binding protein (ABP) | A carrier protein secreted by sustentacular (Sertoli) cells that maintains high high levels of testosterone in the testes, which enhances spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules and sperm maturation in the epididymis. |
| Bulbourethral glands(Also called Cowper's glands) | Paired accessory reproductive glands in male, inferior to prostate on either side of urethra; that release secretions into spongy urethra prior to ejaculation, contain alkaline fluid that neutralizes acid in male urethra, and mucus for lubrication. |
| Clitoris | A cylindrical, erectile body in the anterior labia minora of female; it is homologous to the male penis. |
| Corpus albicans | A white fibrous patch in the ovary that forms after the corpus luteum regresses. |
| Corpus luteum | The yellow endocrine body formed in the ovary at the site of a ruptured vesicular (Graafian) follicle immediately after ovulation that secretes progesterone, estrogens, and relaxin. |
| Cremaster muscles | Skeletal muscle in the spermatic cord that elevate the testes when the environmental temperature is cold. |
| Dartos muscles | Smooth muscle in the scrotum that cause the scrotal skin to contract and wrinkle when the environmental temperature is cold. |
| Ejaculation | The reflex ejection or expulsion of semen from the penis. |
| Estrogens | Female sex hormones produced by the ovaries; governs appearance of secondary sex characteristics and maintenance of female reproductive structures, regulates the menstrual cycle, stimulates development of oocytes, and reduces bone resorption. |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)(Female) | Hormone produced by anterior pituitary gland; in females it stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles & secretion of estrogen;(Also called follitropin) |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)(male) | in males it stimulates spermatogenesis & enhances production of androgen-binding protein (ABP) by sustentacular (Sertoli) cells. (Also called follitropin) |
| Gamete | A male or female reproductive cell; a sperm cell or secondary oocyte. |
| Genitalia | The internal and external reproductive organs. |
| Gonad | Primary reproductive organ that produces gametes and hormones; the male testes and the female ovaries. |
| Gonadotropins | Gonad-stimulating hormones,such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH) secreted by anterior pituitary, or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) which is secreted by placental trophoblastic cells of embryo. AKA gonadotropic hormones. |
| Greater vestibular glands | pair of glands on either side of the vaginal orifice that secrete a mucoid lubricant and open by a duct into the space between the hymen and the labia minora. Also called Bartholin glands. |
| Inhibin | hormone that inhibits the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by the anterior pituitary; in females, it is secreted by granulosa cells in the ovary; in males, it is secreted by sustentacular (Sertoli) cells in the testis. |
| Interstitial cells | cells in testis that secretes testosterone; located in the connective tissue between seminiferous tubules. Also called Leydig cell. |
| Labia | Lip-shaped structures in external female genitalia; labia majora are two longitudinal folds of skin extending downward and backward from mons pubis of the female; labia minora are two small folds of mucous membrane lying medial to labia majora of female. |
| Labor | process of giving birth in which a fetus is expelled from the uterus through the vagina. |
| Ligaments of uterus | dense fibrous connective tissue that supports uterus & ovaries (include:Broad ligament,suspensory ligament,ovarian ligament,round ligament,uterosacral ligament |
| Broad ligament | Peritoneal fold that attaches the lateral uterus to the pelvic wall, and contains the suspensory ligament |
| suspensory ligament | that attaches the ovary to the pelvic wall and the mesovarium that covers the ovary, |
| ovarian ligament | connects ovary to the lateral surface of the uterus |
| round ligament | attached near the opening of the uterine tube and passes through the inguinal canal to the labia majora |
| uterosacral ligament | connects the cervix to the sacrum. |
| Luteinizing hormone (LH) | Anterior pituitary hormone. In females, it stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, and secretion of progesterone. In males, stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone. AKA interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH). LH AKA lutropin |
| Male duct system | Accessory reproductive organs that produce, mature, store, and transport sperm from the testes to the exterior |
| seminiferous tubules | produce sperm |
| tubulus rectus, rete testis,efferent ductules, and epididymis | matures sperm |
| ductus (vas) deferens | transports sperm from the testis to the prostate |
| ejaculatory duct and prostatic urethra | runs through the prostate |
| spongy urethra | runs through the penis. |
| Mammary glands | milk secreting organs lying within the female breast; the milk producing alveolar glands develop only during pregnancy and remain active until weaning. |
| Meiosis | A special process of cell division that produces gametes in the primary reproductive organs; it involves two consecutive nuclear divisions that produce four genetically different cells with the haploid (n) number of chromosomes. |
| Menarche | first menses (menstrual flow) and beginning of ovarian and uterine cycles. |
| Menopause | termination of the menstrual cycles. |
| Menstrual cycle ( Also called the uterine cycle.) | period when ovarian follicle matures,then oocyte ovulated & enters uterus;menstrual flow begins day 1.This cycle lasts avg 28 days,where series of hormone-induced changes occur in endometrium of nonpregnant female,preps lining of uterus to rec. blastocyst |
| Menstruation | Periodic discharge of blood, tissue fluid, mucus, and epithelial cells that usually lasts for five days; caused by a sudden reduction in estrogens and progesterone. Also called the menstrual phase or menses. |
| Mitosis | The process of somatic reproduction of cells; it involves one nuclear division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells with the diploid (2n) number of chromosomes. |
| Oocyte | Immature female gamete. |
| Oogenesis | Formation and development of oocytes (female gametes). |
| Oogonium | Diploid stem cell in the fetal ovary that undergoes oogenesis to form primary oocytes. |
| Ovarian cycle | Monthly cycle of follicle development, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation in an ovary. |
| Ovarian follicle | The general name for an oocyte surrounded by follicular cells in various stages of development |
| primordial follicle | contains a primary oocyte that is arrested in Prophase I, and is surrounded by one layer of squamous follicle cells |
| primary follicle | contains a growing primary oocyte that is initially surrounded by one layer of cuboidal follicle cells that grow into two layers of granulosa cells |
| secondary follicle | contains a primary oocyte,coated by extracellular glycoprotein layer called zona pellucida & surrounded by layers of granulosa cells, then follicle becomes encased by new layer of cells (theca folliculi), estrogen is secreted & small fluid-filled spaces b |
| vesicular (Graafian) follicle | initially contains a primary oocyte that completes Meiosis I but is arrested in Metaphase II & becomes secondary oocyte which is surrounded by corona radiata,central fluid-filled cavity forms called antrum, & theca folliculi & granulosa cells secrete larg |
| Ovary | primary sex organ of the female; the gonad that produces oocytes and secretes hormones, such as the estrogens, progesterone, inhibin, and relaxin. |
| Ovulation | rupture of a vesicular (Graafian) follicle with discharge of a secondary oocyte, with its supporting cells, into the pelvic cavity. |
| Ovum | imprecise term for an egg cell, which been applied to various stages of development from the primary oocyte to implanting blastocyst. |
| Papanicolaou test | cytological staining test for detection and diagnosis of premalignant and malignant conditions of the female genital tract; cells scraped from the epithelium of the cervix of the uterus are examined microscopically. Also called a Pap test or Pap smear. |
| Penis | male organ of copulation & urination,formed of 3 columns of erectile tissue;dorsal side has 2 lateral columns called corpora cavernosa & ventral side has medial column called corpora spongiosum that surrounds spongy urethra & is continuous w/ extremity ca |
| Progesterone | A female sex hormone produced by the ovaries that helps prepare the endometrium of the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum, and the mammary glands for milk secretion. Also called pregnancy hormone. |
| Prostate gland | doughnut-shaped accessory reproductive gland in male, lying inferior to urinary bladder that surrounds superior portion of male urethra;secretes milky fluid into prostatic urethrea that activates sperm,w/ citric acid & enzymes that break down clots & mucu |
| Puberty | time of life during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to appear and the capability for sexual reproduction is possible; usually occurs between the ages of 10 and 17. |
| Relaxin | hormone secreted by the corpus luteum and placenta during pregnancy; it facilitates the birth process by softening and expanding the pubic symphysis and cervix, and it inhibits uterine contractions that could cause natural abortion. |
| Scrotum | A skin-covered, external pouch that contains the testes and their accessory structures. |
| Secondary sex characteristics | Anatomic features of male or female body that develops at puberty under influence of sex hormones, but not directly involved in sexual reproduction; examples:body hair distribution, voice pitch, pattern of bone growth, muscle development, body shape, etc. |
| Semen | A fluid discharged at ejaculation by a male that consists of a mixture of sperm and the secretions of the seminiferous tubules, seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands. |
| Seminal vesicles | Paired accessory reproductive glands in male, lying posterior & inferior to urinary bladder & anterior to rectum, that secrete viscous alkaline fluid into ejaculatory duct that neutralize acid, & contains vitamin C & fructose for ATP production by sperm, |
| Seminiferous tubule | A tightly coiled duct located in the lobules of the testis, where spermatogenesis occurs. |
| Sperm | Male gamete that contains three regions: head, with nucleus & acrosome filled with digestive enzymes, midpiece with mitochondria, and the tail, which is a flagellum. Also called spermatozoa. |
| Spermatic cord | A supporting structure formed around the ductus (vas) deferens and its associated structures, extending from the deep inguinal ring through the inguinal canal into the scrotum |
| Spermatogenesis | formation and development of sperm in seminiferous tubules of the testes. |
| Spermatogonium | Diploid stem cell in the testis that undergoes spermatogenesis to form sperm. |
| Spermiogenesis | The maturation of spermatids into sperm. |
| Sustentacular cells | Supporting cells in seminiferous tubules that secretes hormone inhibin & fluid for supplying nutrients to sperm, removes excess cytoplasm from spermatogenic cells, & mediates effects of FSH & testosterone on spermatogenesis. Also called Sertoli cells. |
| Testis | primary sex organ of the male; the gonad that produces sperm and the hormones testosterone and inhibin. Also called testicle. |
| Testosterone | male sex hormone (androgen) secreted by interstitial cells (Leydig cells) of the mature testes; encourages development of male secondary sex characteristics, and stimulates development of sperm & activity of accessory male sex organs. |
| Tunica albuginea | dense white fibrous capsule covering a testis in males, or deep to the germinal epithelium of an ovary in females. |
| Uterine tube | Duct that transports oocyte or zygote from ovary to uterus;consists of infundibulum (funnel-like expansion) which is surrounded by fimbriae (finger-like projections w/ cilia),wide ampulla & narrow isthmus that enters uterine fundus. AKA fallopian tube or |
| Uterus (AKA womb) | The hollow muscular organ in females that is the site of menstruation, implantation of the embryo, development of the fetus, and labor; it is divided into several regions: cervix,body,fundus,uterine walls,stratum basalis |
| cervix | inferior neck part of uterus that projects into the vagina; |
| body | main portion of uterus |
| fundus | rounded superior region of uterus and opens into the uterine tubes; |
| three layers uterine walls contain | perimetrium is the serosa, the myometrium is the smooth muscle layer, and the endometrium is the mucous membrane lining that contains a stratum functionalis which changes in response to ovarian hormone cycles and is shed during menstruation |
| stratum basalis | forms a new stratum functionalis after menstruation. |
| Vagina | muscular, tubular organ that leads from the uterus to the vestibule, situated between the urinary bladder and the rectum of the female. Also called the birth canal. |
Created by:
kimartin1
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