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Bio 1: 2.8/3.4/3.5
Biomolecules & Enzymes
Question | Answer |
---|---|
___ ___ allow organisms to grow, develop, reproduce, and adapt. | biochemical reactions |
A ___ reaction breaks down some substances and forms other substances. | chemical |
The amount of energy that is sufficient for a particular chemical reaction to occur is called ___ ___. | activation energy |
Sometimes a chemical reaction must ___ energy for the reaction to start; often, but not always, this energy is in the form of ___. | absorb, heat |
___, as heat or light, can also be given off as a result of biochemical reactions | Energy |
Changes in ___ (gaining or losing heat energy) can affect a chemical reaction. | temperature |
___ (a measure of the acidity of a solution) in most organisms needs to be kept within a very narrow range | pH |
___ within an organism are used to regulate pH so that pH homeostasis can be maintained. | Buffers |
A small change in pH can disrupt ___ ___. | cell processes |
A ___ is a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction or allows a chemical reaction to occur (activate) at a lower than normal temperature. | catalyst |
Catalysts work by lowering the ___ ___ of a chemical reaction. | activation energy |
A catalyst is not ___ or ___ during a chemical reaction, so, it can be used over and over again | consumed, altered |
___ are proteins which serve as catalysts in living organisms. | Enzymes |
Enzymes are very ___. Each particular enzyme can catalyze only one chemical reaction by working on one particular ___ (substrate). | specific; reactant |
___ are involved in many of the chemical reactions necessary for organisms to live, reproduce, and grow, such as digestion, respiration, reproduction, movement and cell regulation. | Enzymes |
The structure of enzymes can be altered by ___ and __. | temperature, pH |
All organisms are composed of organic molecules which contain ___ atoms. | carbon |
Not all organic molecules have the same amount of ___ available for use by the organism. | energy |
The energy stored in organic molecules determines its ___ ___. | caloric value |
___ are molecules composed of chains of amino acids | Proteins |
___ ___ are molecules that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. | Amino acids |
There are ___ amino acids that chemically bond in various ways to make proteins. | 20 |
___ amino acids are made in the body; others must be consumed from foods such as ___, ___, or ___. | 12; nuts, beans, meat |
___ are most important as a source of building blocks. | proteins |
As a source of energy, proteins have the same caloric value per gram as ___. | carbohydrates |
Amino acids can be converted by the body into ___ through the process of cellular respiration and used for energy. | carbohydrates |
Examples of carbohydrates= | sugars and starches |
___ and ___ are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. | carbohydrates, lipids |
The basic carbohydrates are ___ ___ (monosaccharides) such as glucose | simple sugars |
___ are important because they are the main source of energy for the cell | carbohydrates |
During ___, plants use carbohydrates as a source of energy or store them in the cells. | photosynthesis |
The process of ___ breaks the bonds between the larger carbohydrate molecules so that individual simple sugars can be absorbed into the bloodstream. | digestion |
The ___ carries the simple sugars to cells throughout the body where they cross into the cells through the ___ ___. | bloodstream, cell membrane |
Once inside the cells, simple sugars are used as fuel in the process of ___ ___ , releasing energy which is stored as ATP. | cellular respiration |
The caloric value of carbohydrates is dependent on the number of ___-___ bonds | carbon-hydrogen |
If an organism has a greater supply of carbohydrates than needed for its energy requirements, the extra energy is converted to ___ and stored by the body. | fats |
Lipid molecules are made of two component molecules (___ and ___) so they are structurally different from carbohydrates. | glycerols and fatty acids |
Fats/lipids have more carbon-hydrogen bonds than ___. | carbohydrates |
When carbohydrates are scarce, ___ are an important energy source. | fats |
Once inside the cell, glycerols and fatty acids are ___ for later use or used as fuel for ___ ___ if there are no carbohydrates available. | stored, cellular respiration |
The process of cellular respiration releases the ___ that is held in the chemical ___ of the glycerol and fatty acid molecules. | energy, bonds |
___ contain more energy (ATP) per gram than carbohydrates or proteins, which explains why they have a greater caloric value. | Fats |
The ___ and ___ of carbon-hydrogen bonds that hold the different types of molecules together determines the caloric value of the molecule. | structure, number |
___ serve as the basis for structures, transport substances, regulate processes, speed up chemical reactions, and control growth. | Proteins |
Proteins can function as an energy source only if there is a shortage of ___ or ___ . | carbohydrates, lipids |
___ ___ are used as raw materials to make all of the proteins required by the organism. | amino acids |
___ is a chemical reaction that breaks the bonds of organic molecules so that the component parts can be transported throughout the body by the bloodstream. | Digestion |
___ proteins are used for support such as connective tissue and keratin that forms hair and finger nails. | Structural |
___ proteins move many substances throughout the body such as hemoglobin which carries oxygen from the lungs to the other parts of the body to be used by cells in cellular respiration. | Transport |
___ proteins coordinate body activities such as insulin which regulates the amount of sugar in the blood. | Hormone |
___ proteins help control movement such as proteins in the muscles which help control contraction | Contractile |
___ proteins accelerate the speed of chemical reactions such as those that break down food in the digestive tract. | Enzymatic |
Carbohydrates are important as an ___ source for all organisms and as a ___ molecule in many organisms. | energy, structural |
The primary source of fuel for cellular respiration and used to store energy for short periods of time. | carbohydrates |
A carbohydrate that is used as a structural material in plants. | cellulose |
For most animals, foods that contain cellulose are important as ___ which stimulates the digestive system. | fiber |
___ provide long-term energy storage, cushion vital organs, and insulate the body. | Fats |
Fats serve as a major component of ___ ___ and are one of the raw materials necessary for the production of some vitamins and hormones | cell membranes |