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Jersey College
Microbiology Mid Term
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Van Leeuwenhoek | Observes bacteria and protozoan"Animalcules" with a simple microscope |
| Ignaz Semmelweis | First use of antiseptics to reduce hand-borne disease. |
| Zach Janssen | Invention of the first compound microscope with father |
| Hooke | Micrographia, a publication illustrating insects, sponges, as well as plant cells. |
| Needham | Claimed victory for spontaneous generation |
| Electron (Microscope) | Uses a beam of electrons rather then light as the source of energy to visualize specimens |
| Fluorescent (Microscope) | A microscope that uses fluorescence light that makes the specimen light up. |
| Brightfield (Microscope) | A compound microscope used to examine microorganisms . It exhibits a background brighter then the specimen |
| Stereo (Microscope) | It doesn't play tunes. Designed to observe larger insects,worms, or plants. |
| Prokaryote Fossils | Goes back 3.5 to 4.0 |
| Biofilms | Microorganisms organized into complex communities of different organisms, growing on a surface. |
| Flora | Plant or bacterial life |
| Protons | Positively charged particles in the atomic nucleus |
| Neutrons | Particle in the atomic nucleus that is without electrical charge. |
| Electrons | Negatively charged particle orbiting in the shells of atoms. Compounds Molecules made from atoms of different elements Ionic Bonds Formed when one or more electrons from one atom are transferred to another. |
| Molecules | Two or more atoms linked together by chemical bonds. |
| Atoms | The smallest unit of an element, A unit of matter. |
| Compounds | Molecules made from atoms of different elements |
| Ionic Bonds | Formed when one or more electrons from one atom are transferred to another. |
| Polar Covalent Bonds | The electrons shared by the atoms spend a greater amount of time, on the average, closer to the Oxygen nucleus than the Hydrogen nucleus. Unequal electron association is a charge separation in the molecule. |
| Non-Polar Covalent Bonds | The electrons shared by the adjacent atoms in the bonds are shared equally. |
| Sucrose | Sucrose or table sugar is obtained from sugar cane or sugar beets. Sucrose is made from glucose and fructose units. |
| Starch | Starch is a carbohydrate - consisting of a large number of glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by all green plants as an energy store. |
| Monosaccharide | The unit molecules (monomers) of carbs. |
| Polysaccaride | Carbohydrates whose molecules contain linked monosaccharide units: includes starch, inulin, and cellulose. |
| Peptide | Compounds containing two or more amino acids linked by the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another. |
| Protein | AMINO ACIDS. Albumen is the white of an egg, albumin is a protein within the albumen-SUCH AS IN BLOOD |
| Peptidoglycan | This gives a cell wall strength. A mixed polymer of hexose sugars. |
| Fimbriae | "Fringe" Prokaryotic cells use these to move. |
| Flagella | Hairlike projections that extend from some unicellular organisms. |
| Cilia | minute hairlike processes that extend from a cell surface, they beat rhythmically to move the cell or to move fluid or mucus over the surface. |
| Cytoplasm | A dense, gelatinous matrix composed of 70% to 80% water, located within the plasma memebrane |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of fluid through a semipermeable membrane until there is an equal concentration of fluid on both sides of the membrane. |
| Exocytosis | A process by which large molecules, such as polypeptides,proteins, and others, may be excreted from the cell |
| Phagocytosis | Ingestion of solids by eukaryotic cells through the process of engulfment |
| Enzymes | A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. |
| Binary Fission | Form of asesual reproducation involving dividing the cell into two equal, duplicate cells. A method by which all bacteria and most protists reproduce. |
| Prophase | the first stage in cell reduplication in either meiosis or mitosis. The bacteriophage DNA is and passed on to the daughter cells of the bacterium. |
| Metaphase | The second stage of cell division (mitosis or meiosis), in which the chromosomes, each consisting of two chromatids, are arranged in the plane of the spindle prior to separation |
| Anaphase | The third stage of division of the nucleus in either meiosis or mitosis. |
| Telophase | The final stage of mitosis or meiosis during which the chromosomes of daughter cells are grouped in new nuclei. |
| OSHA | Occupational Safety and Health Administration, a branch of the US Department of Labor. |
| Lab Required Infections | |
| Hand Washing | |
| Blood Born Pathogen and training | |
| Biosafety Level 1 | Hospital-not disease causing in healthy humans |
| Fire Extinguishers | A-wood, B-flammable liquids, C-electric, D-Flammable Metals, K-grease fires. Multipurpose works on A-B-C fires |
| Fume Hoods | Control method for exposure to noxious and poisonous vapors in the lab. |
| Eyewash stations | Emergency units"EYE WASH" to protect employees in case of contact of hazardous materials to the eyes. |
| Endospores Formers | a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria from the Firmicute phylum.[1] The name "endospore" is suggestive of a spore or seed-like form (endo means within), but it is not a true spore (i.e., not an offspring |
| Streptococci | A bacterium of a genus (Streptococcus) that includes the agents of souring of milk and dental decay, and hemolytic pathogens causing... |
| Tetrads | A four-part structure that forms during the prophase of meiosis and consists of two homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids |
| Sarcinae | is a genus of Gram-positive cocci bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae |
| Lyme Disease | is an infectious disease caused by at least three species of bacteria belonging to the genus Borrelia.the most common tick-borne disease |
| Binary Fusion | this term is quite contradictory or redundant. binary involves the splitting of 1 thing into 2 ie; binary fission is the asexual reproduction of single-cell organisms and involves the single cell splitting into 2 cells. and fusion, root word fuse, is to m |
| Photoautotrophs | An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances using light as an energy source. |
| Chemoheterotrophs | are organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments. |
| Thermophiles | is an organism — a type of extremophile — that thrives at relatively high temperatures, between 45 and 122 °C (113 and 252 °F). |
| Mesophiles | an organism that grows best in moderate temperature |
| Psychrophiles (cryophiles) | are extremophilic organisms that are capable of growth and reproduction in cold temperatures, ranging from −15°C to +10°C. |
| Atomic Number | A number expressive of the number of protons in an atomic nucleus. |
| Treponema Pallidum | a spirochaete bacterium with subspecies that cause treponemal diseases such as syphilis, bejel, pinta and yaws |
| Vibrio Cholera | a Gram-negative, comma-shaped bacterium |
| Helicobacter Pylori | Cause of Gastric Ulcers |
| Escherichia Coli | commonly abbreviated E. coli) is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms |
| Streptococcus Pyogenes | a spherical, Gram-positive bacterium that is the cause of group A streptococcal infections |
| mycobacterium Tuberculosis | is a pathogenic bacterial species in the family Mycobacteriaceae and the causative agent of most cases of tuberculosis (TB). |
| Mycobacterium Leprae | also known as Hansen’s coccus spirilly, mostly found in warm tropical countries, is a bacterium that causes leprosy (Hansen's disease) |
| Klebsiella Pneumonia | Organism- Klebsiella, Targets the lungs, transmission-Nosocomia |
| Baccillus Anthracis | Antrax, gram+. Inhalation of smores-Ingestion or penetrating through a break in the skin. Abx x 60 days (Cipro/PCN/Doxycycline) |
| Bordetella Pertussis | Whooping Cough, Gram- coccobacillus |
| Yersinia Pestis | Gram -, facultatively anaerobic rod, Sx-35 days after exposure(fever,abd pain,diarrhea) last 3weeks or more and at times confusion. |
| Francisella Tularenis | Rabbit Fever-infected through the bite of infected insects (most commonly, ticks and deer flies) |
| Epstein-Barr Virus | Organism, Infectious monucleosis-disease,Target Inf-B lymphocytes. transmission- Infected saliva. Tx-No specific available. |
| Latent Infection | Limited macro-molecular synthesis but no virus synthesis only restricted expression of the viral genome occur; associated with few if any changes in the infected cells. |
| Chronic Infection | Persistent for long periods of time with usually less severe sx than occur in acute infection. |
| Point Mutation | Genetic mutation-single nucleotide base is altered. |
| Transduction | Method of gene transfer inwhicch genes are transported into a bacterial cell by a bacteriophage. |
| Frameshift Mutation | Genetic Mutation that involve the deletion or insertion of one or more nitrogen bases. |
| Microbemia | Term that describes infectios caused by microorganisms that enter the circulatory system through the lymphatic drainage. |
| Zoonotic | A disease which can be spread from animals to humans. |
| Legionella (Bacteria Group) | Illnes-Legionellosis, target- lungs, transmission-Inhalation contaminated water mist, Tx- Abx |
| Neisseria (Bacteria Group) | Causative agents of gonorrhea and meningitis. |
| Staphylococcus (Bacteria Group) | Caused by contaminated food ingestion:Gastroenteritis: Food poisoning when intoxicated with the bacterium. |
| Streptococcus (Bacteria Group) | a genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes[2] and the lactic acid bacteria group. |
| Mycoplasma (Bacteria Group) | Pelvic Inflammatory Disease:PID:STD:gram neg,anaerobic bacterium that causes infection in urinary tract,reproductive organs. |
| Rickettsia (Bacteria Group) | Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: transmitted by ticks. |
| Penicillin Antibiotics | An antibiotic is a drug, produced by a microorganism, that may be used to inhibit or destroy another microbe when administered at a therapeutic doses. One of the earliest discovered and widely used antibiotic agents. derived from the Penicillium mold. |
| Pinworms | A Nematode: Enterovirus Vermicularis, resides in the large intestines then migrates to the anal area to deposit eggs. |
| Helminths | A group of Eukaryotic worms that are not microorganism. Transferred from host to host, either by eggs or larvae. Found in blood, feces, or urine. |
| Langerhans Cells | Dendritic cells within the epidermis, playing a role in defense against invading microbes. |
| Skin | The thin layer of tissue forming the natural outer covering of the body of a person or animal. |
| Toxic Shock | TSS: relatively rare but life-threatening illness caused by Staphylococcus Aureus. |
| Group A Strep | "GAS"Group A Streptococcus is a bacterium often found in the throat and on the skin. People may carry group A streptococci in the throat or on the skin. Number one cause of respiratory infections. |
| Flesh Eating Bacteria | Necrotizing Fasciitis caused by highly virulent strain of Streptococcus pyogenes(gm+group B-hemolytic) and Streptococcus. Affects the deep layers of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. |
| Acne | Caused by Propionibacterium acnes, a bacterium present on the skin of most people; lives on fatty acids secreted by the sebaceous glands. |
| Warts | Viral infection caused by the Human Papillomavirus(HPV) |
| Herpes Virus Types | "Herpesviridae" large family of DNA viruses that cause disease in humans and animals |
| Candida Albicans | Candida albicans is a diploid fungus that grows both as yeast and filamentous cells and a causal agent of opportunistic oral and genital infections in humans. Mouth=Thrush: Groin=diaper rash. |
| Tinea | A fungal infections superficially affecting the outer layers of the skin, the nails, and the hair. |
| Verrucoid Lesions | "Warts" A result of a common viral infection caused by the Human Papillomavirus(HPV)small, rough tumors, most often located on the hands and feet. |
| Dermatophytes | Fungi that causes diseases of the skin,hair, and nails. |
| Scarlet Fever | "Strawberry Tongue" caused by group A B-Hemolytic Streptococcus. Bacterial infection |
| Whooping Cough | Bacteria infection of the respiratory system caused by Bordetella Pertussis. Transferred by inhalation of droplets. |
| Diptheria | Bacteria infection of the respiratory system caused by Corynebacterium Diphtheriae. Transferred by inhalation of droplets. |
| Tuberculosis (TB) | Serious disease of the respiratory system caused by bacteria; M.Tuberculosis |
| Fomites | An inanimate object or substance that is capable of transmitting infectious organisms. |
| Human Flu Virus Types | Caused by Orthomyxoviruses. RNA viruses designated as types: A_B_C. ONLY B effects humans. |
| SARS | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome(SARS)caused by the highly contagious Coronavirus. |
| Rheumatic Fever | Caused by group A-Streptococcus Pyogenes. Bacterial Infection. Complications; #1 "Strep Throat" #2: 18-20 days later Rheumatic Fever sets in and causes joint pain and possible heart valve disease. |
| Endocarditis | Inflammation of the inside lining of the heart chambers and heart valves (endocardium). |
| Septicemia | A systemic infection in which microorganisms multiply in the bloodstream. |
| Bacteremia | The presence of bacteria in the blood |
| Malaria | The bacterial pathogen Yersinia Pestis, causative agent of the "Black Death" or Bubonic Plague. Killed 100 million people in 9 months. |
| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever | "Ticks" disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia Rickettsii. |
| Cytomegalovirus Infections | It is related to the viruses that cause chickenpox and infectious mononucleosis (mono). CMV is spread through close contact with body fluids.A blood test can tell whether a person has ever been infected with CMV |
| Toxoplasmosis | "CAT LITTER" disease caused by protozoan parasite Toxoplasma Gondii. Common in men and women; infection during pregnancy can lead to serious damage to the baby's eyes, nervous system, skin, and ears. |
| Tularmia | A zoonotic disease of mammals cased by Francisella Tularensis; most often associated with rabbits. |
| Vectors | An organism that transmits pathogenic organisms from host to host. |
| Carriers | A carrier is a host who harbor the microorganism bud that has never suffered any disease from it. |
| Baltimore Classification for Virus | The Baltimore classification clusters viruses into families depending on their type of genome. |
| Herpes Simplex virus 1 | HSV 1- effects oral and genital herpes; Primarily affects Orofacial |
| Herpes Simplex virus 2 | HSV 2- effects or and genital herpes; Primarily affects Genital |
| Varicella-Zoster virus | HSV 3- Chickenpox and shingles |
| Prokaryote | An organism typically unicellular, no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria and archaea. |
| Hydrogen-symbol-#-Wt | H-1-1 |
| Carbon-symbol-#-Wt | C-6-12 |
| Sodium-symbol-#-Wt | Na-11-23 |
| Nitrogen-symbol-#-wt | N-7-14 |
| Isotopes | Atoms with the same # of protons but different # of neutrons. |
| Taxonomy | The practice and science of classification of living things |
| Koch | responsible for ending the controversy about spontaneous generation |
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