Genetically Modified Organism - An organism which has had part of its Genome altered, usually to produce a beneficial product to humanity (e.g. Drugs, Greater crop yields etc).

Transgenic Organisms:

Organisms which have had their genome altered.

Give three types of organisms which can be altered:

Plants, Animals (Sheep, Cows) and Microorganisms (Bacteria).

Typically Bacteria which have a plasmid, containing a gene for a specific Protein, transplanted into them to then express this gene to produce a drug (insulin etc).

What is one issue with using GM Microorganisms:

To isolate the ones which have correctly taken up the plasmid, addition genes are added (Markers), usually antibiotic resistance. If they were able to get out and reproduce, it would be problematic.

What is one benefit of using GM Microorganisms:

The production of Insulin this way is very effective, cheap, reliable and also doesn't cause side effects like the previous method.

Bacteria or a Virus have the gene implanted and used as a vector to carry it into the genome of the plant. The plants cells are infect and grow a tumor (Or the virus reproduces), the cells are harvested and grown (totipotent cells).New plant produces drug

Benefit of using plants:

Fruit containing vaccines do not require special storage, administration by specialists and can be easily grown in third world countries where they are desperately needed.

Issue with using plants:

Often they are made infertile, or they could cross pollinate and alter wild plants, they have to be bought over and over from supplier.

Gene implanted to a fertilised egg by either, 1) Microinjection, 2) Micropellets, 3) Virus Vectors, 4) Liposomes. When fully mature, the promoter gene also added with express the protein and produce it in milk (used in blood clotting diseases).

Benefits of using animals:

They are able to express complex genes which microorganisms cannot etc, They can be bred to produce more, They produce high volumes of milk.

Issues using Animals:

People don't 'trust' GMOs, Animals rights (Screwing with genome?), Skewed to developed countries use (expensive).

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GMO's

Genetically Modified Organisms to Produce Drugs

Question	Answer
GMO:	Genetically Modified Organism - An organism which has had part of its Genome altered, usually to produce a beneficial product to humanity (e.g. Drugs, Greater crop yields etc).
Transgenic Organisms:	Organisms which have had their genome altered.
Give three types of organisms which can be altered:	Plants, Animals (Sheep, Cows) and Microorganisms (Bacteria).
Microorganisms:	Typically Bacteria which have a plasmid, containing a gene for a specific Protein, transplanted into them to then express this gene to produce a drug (insulin etc).
What is one issue with using GM Microorganisms:	To isolate the ones which have correctly taken up the plasmid, addition genes are added (Markers), usually antibiotic resistance. If they were able to get out and reproduce, it would be problematic.
What is one benefit of using GM Microorganisms:	The production of Insulin this way is very effective, cheap, reliable and also doesn't cause side effects like the previous method.
Plants:	Bacteria or a Virus have the gene implanted and used as a vector to carry it into the genome of the plant. The plants cells are infect and grow a tumor (Or the virus reproduces), the cells are harvested and grown (totipotent cells).New plant produces drug
Benefit of using plants:	Fruit containing vaccines do not require special storage, administration by specialists and can be easily grown in third world countries where they are desperately needed.
Issue with using plants:	Often they are made infertile, or they could cross pollinate and alter wild plants, they have to be bought over and over from supplier.
Animals:	Gene implanted to a fertilised egg by either, 1) Microinjection, 2) Micropellets, 3) Virus Vectors, 4) Liposomes. When fully mature, the promoter gene also added with express the protein and produce it in milk (used in blood clotting diseases).
Benefits of using animals:	They are able to express complex genes which microorganisms cannot etc, They can be bred to produce more, They produce high volumes of milk.
Issues using Animals:	People don't 'trust' GMOs, Animals rights (Screwing with genome?), Skewed to developed countries use (expensive).

Created by: mjwilson1988

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