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A&PSPRINGFINAL
SPRING 2016 FINAL EXAM: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The lacteals absorb | Chylomicrons |
| Periodontal tissue | Gingiva |
| Physical breakdown of food into smaller particles | Mechanical digestion |
| Muscular tube extending from mouth to anus | Alimentary canal |
| Muscular tube extending from mouth to the anus, also known as the alimentary canal | Digestive tract |
| Teeth | Dentition |
| Vomiting without prior knowledge or retching | Projectile vomiting |
| Fat digestion begins in the | Stomach |
| A tooth is composed mostly of | Dentin |
| Peristalsis is controlled by the | Myenteric nerve plexus |
| The absorption of dietary ___ requires the intrinsic factor | B12 |
| The filing of the stomach stimulates the contractions of the __ | Colon |
| The ___ secrete 1 to 2 L of juice per day which has a pH of 7.4 to 7.8 | Intestines |
| The __is the first 40% of the small intestine beyond the duodenum | Jejunum |
| The __ is the space between the cheeks and the teeth/lips | Vestibule |
| Study of the digestive tract and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders | Gastroenterology |
| The esophagus, stomach and intestines have a nervous network known as the ___ which regulates digestive tract motility, secretion and blood flow | Enteric nervous system |
| Hold the abdominal viscera in the proper relationship to each other | Mesenteries |
| The motility and secretion of the digestive tract are controlled by neural, ___ and paracrine mechanisms | Hormonal |
| The average adult has __ teeth | Thirty-two |
| The stomach mechanically breaks up food particles, ___ the food and begins the chemical digestion of proteins and fat | Liquifies |
| The mixture of gastric juices and food that travels from the stomach through the intestines | Chyme |
| About 25% of people develop this as a consequence of cirrohosis | Ascites |
| Chronic inflammation resulting in ulceration of the large intestine which tends to be hereditary | Ulcerative colitis |
| Hard masses in the gallbladder or bile duct | Gallstones |
| Home to more than 700 species of microorganisms, especially bacteria | Human mouth |
| Inflammation of the small and large intestines | Crohn disease |
| Inflammation of the stomach | Gastritis |
| Lacking the enzyme lactase | Lactose intolerance |
| Pepsin and HCl have eroded the stomach lining | Peptic ulcer |
| Pulp of the tooth is removed and replaced with inert material | Root canal |
| Severe pancreatic inflammation | Acute pancreatitis |
| Elimination of solid waste | Defecation |
| Organ lies against the posterior body wall and is covered by peritoneum on the anterior side only | Retroperitoneal |
| The mouth is lined with | Stratified squamous epithelium |
| Retain food and push between teeth for chewing | Cheeks/lips |
| Manipulates food between the teeth, extract food from teeth; sense of taste is rooted here | Tongue |
| Separates oral cavity from nasal cavity | Palate |
| Swallowing | Deglutition |
| Chewing | Mastication |
| Muscular funnel that connects oral cavity to the esophagus and nasal cavity to the larynx | Pharynx |
| Straight muscular tube leading to stomach | Esophagus |
| Involuntary phase of swallowing | Pharyngoesophageal phase |
| Voluntary phase of swallowing | Buccal phase |
| Muscular sac used primarily for food storage | Stomach |
| Composed mainly of water, HCl acid and pepsin | Gastric juice |
| Wrinkles of the stomach mucosa and submucosa | Gastric rugae |
| Digests proteins into shorter chains | Pepsin |
| Digests dietary fat in the stomach | Gastric lipase |
| Forceful ejection of the stomach and intestinal contents through the mouth | Vomiting |
| A typical meal is emptied into the stomach in about ___ hours | 4 |
| Reddish brown gland with tremendous variety of functions | Liver |
| Largest gland in the body | Liver |
| Regulates the passage of bile and pancreatic juice into duodenum | Hepatopancreatic sphincter |
| Serves to store and concentrate bile | Gallbladder |
| Green fluid containing minerals, cholesterol, neutral fats, etc. | Bile |
| Spongy retroperitoneal gland composed mostly of exocrine tissue | Pancreas |
| Stimulates pancreatic cells to secrete enzymes even before food is swallowed | Acetylcholine |
| Stimulates pancreatic cells to secrete enzymes and stimulates gallbladder while relaxing the HP sphincter | Cholecystokinin |
| Stimulates the ducts of liver and pancreas to secrete abundant sodium bicarbonate solution | Secretin |
| Nearly all chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur in the __ | Small intestine |
| Begins at the pyloric valve and receives stomach contents, pancreatic juice and bile | Duodenum |
| Most digestion/nutrient absorption occurs in this section of the small intestine | Jejunum |
| Movement in which stationary ring-like constrictions appear along intestine and relax as new constrictions form elsewhere | Segmentation |
| Blind pouch in lower right quadrant of large intestine; appendix is attached to lower right end | Cecum |
| Section between ileocecal junction and rectum | Colon |
| Micturition occurs when the ___ contracts... | Detrusor muscle |
| Process of separating wastes from the body fluids and eliminating them... | Excretion |
| The compact ball of capillaries in a nephron... | Glomerulus |
| Most abundant nitrogenous waste in the blood... | Urea |
| Urine is about ___ % water... | Ninety-five |
| The glomerulus and glomerular capsule make up one... | Renal corpuscle |
| Increased ADH secretion should cause the urine to have a lower ___ concentration ... | Potassium |
| The urinary system consists of ___ principle organs... | Six |
| Any substance that is useless to the body or present in excess of the body's needs is known as a(n)... | Waste |
| Substances containing nitrogen that are produced as by-products of cellular metabolism... | Nitrogenous wastes |
| Any chemical that increases urine volume... | Diuretic |
| The most abundant solute in the urine aside from urea... | Chlorine ions |
| The kidney is protected by ___ layers of connective tissue... | 3 |
| The kidneys receive about 1.2 liters of blood per minute which is known as the ___ | Renal fraction |
| Animals that must conserve water have ___ more numerous nephron loops that those that have little need for conservation... | Longer |
| Hormone that regulates the amount of water reabsorbed by the collecting duct... | Antidiuretic hormone |
| Ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow without external control... | Renal autoregulation |
| Waste substance produced by the body... | Metabolic waste |
| Blood flows through the ___ arteries just before entering the cortical radiate arteries; all part of the blood supply to the kidneys | Arcuate |
| Each ___ is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule... | Nephron |
| Group of epithelial cells of the nephron loop that monitors the flow or composition of the tubular fluid... | Macula densa |
| Reflex that is an autonomic reflex activated by pressure in the urinary bladder... | Micturition |
| Sphincter that is under involuntary control and relaxes during the micturition reflex... | Internal urethral sphincter |
| The two ureters and the urethra form boundaries of a smooth area called the ___ on the floor of the urinary bladder... | Trigone |
| Abrupt decline in renal function often due to traumatic damage to the nephron or a loss of blood flow stemming from hemorrhage.... | Acute renal failure |
| Any metabolic disorder resulting in chronic polyuria... | Diabetes |
| Autoimmune inflammation of the glomeruli which leads to hematuria, edema and hypertension... | Acute glomerulonephritis |
| Excretion of large amounts of protein in the urine... | Nephrotic syndrome |
| Inability to hold urine | Urinary incontinence |
| Increase in fluid pressure in the renal pelvis owing to obstruction of the ureter by kidney stones... | Hydronephrosis |
| Infection of the urinary bladder.... | Cystitis |
| Kidney stone... | Renal calculus |
| Often requires a kidney transplant or hemodialysis... | Chronic renal failure |
| Procedure for artificially clearing wastes from the blood when the kidneys are not adequately doing so... | Hemodialysis |
| Slipping of the kidney to an abnormally low position... | Nephroptosis |
| State in which kidneys cannot maintain hemostasis due to extensive destruction of their nephrons... | Renal insufficiency |
| Urine output less than 500 ml a day... | Oliguria |
| Urine output greater than 2 L a day... | Polyuria |
| Any metabolic disorder resulting in chronic polyuria... | Diabetes |
| Body's principle means of waste excretion... | Urinary system |
| About 50% of the nitrogenous waste in the body... | Urea |
| About ___ of the water that passes through the kidney is reabsorbed... | Two-thirds |
| Yellow color of urine is due to...which is a pigment produced by the breakdown of hemoglobine and red blood cells | Urochrome |
| The kidneys secrete the hormone ___ which stimulates the production of red blood cells... | Erythropoietin |
| Concave surface of the kidney where the renal nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics and ureter are admitted... | Hilum |
| Fluid in the capsular space which is similar to blood plasma except that it has almost no protein... | Glomerular filtrate |
| Fluid from the proximal convoluted tubule through the distal convoluted tubule is called... | Tubular fluid |
| Fluid that has entered the collecting duct... | Urine |
| Blood in the urine... | Hematuria |
| Protein in the urine... | Proteinuria |
| The process of reclaiming water and solutes from the tubular fluid and returning them to the blood... | Tubular reabsorption |
| Process in which the renal tubule extracts chemicals from the capillary blood and secretes them into the tubular fluid... | Tubular secretion |
| Salt-retaining hormone... | Aldosterone |
| Location of the micturition center in the brain... | Pons |
| The brain is enveloped within three connective tissue layers called... | Meninges |
| Inflammation of the meninges... | Meningitis |
| Four internal chambers of the brain... | Ventricles |
| Spongy mass of blood capillaries found on the floor of each ventricle... | Choroid plexus |
| Clear, colorless liquid that fills the ventricles... | Cerebropsinal fluid |
| Produces a majority of the CS fluid... | Ependyma cells |
| Abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brain... | Hydrocephalus |
| Strictly regulates substances in the bloodstream coming into contact with the fluid/tissue of the brain... | Brain-Barrier System |
| Enable brain to monitor and respond to fluctuations in the fluid concentrations... | Circumventricular organs |
| All nerve fibers connecting the brain to the spinal cord pass through the... | Medulla oblongata |
| Carries sensory and motor signals up and down the brainstem... | Pons |
| Area functions in visual attention, tracking moving objects, and reflexes such as blinking etc... | Midbrain |
| Somatic motor control, cardiovascular control, pain modulation, habituation, etc... | Reticular formation |
| Gateway to the cerebral cortex... | Thalamus |
| Becomes the cerebrum... | Telencephalon |
| Concerned with hearing, smell, learning, memory and some aspects of vision and emotion... | Temporal lobe |
| Consists of a collection of neurons that monitor the body temperature... | Hypothalamic thermostat |
| Important center of emotion and learning... | Limbic system |
| Forms the uppermost part of the brain and is primary site for receiving and interpreting signals of general senses... | Parietal lobe |
| Most of the volume of the cerebrum is composed of... | White matter |
| Layer covering the surface of the cerebral hemispheres and constituting about 40% of the mass of the brain... | Cerebral cortex |
| Lies immediately behind forehead and is chiefly concerned with voluntary motor functions, foresight/planning, emotion, etc... | Frontal lobe |
| Primary function is to relay signals from limbic system to thalamus... | Mammillary bodies |
| Principle vision center of brain... | Occipital lobe |
| Secretes hormones that control the anterior pituitary gland and is major integrating center for ANS... | Hypothalamus |
| Tract of the cerebrum that crossings from one hemisphere to the other... | Commissural tracts |
| Tract of the cerebrum that connects different regions within the same hemisphere... | Association tracts |
| Tract of the cerebrum that carries information between cerebrum and other parts of the body... | Projection tracts |
| Receive input from midbrain and motor areas of cerebral cortex and send signals back to both locations... | Basal nuclei |
| Complete and persistent absence of brain waves... | Brain death |
| Limited to head and employ relatively complex sense organs... | Special senses |
| Temporary state of unconsciousness from which one can awaken when stimulated... | Sleep |
| Low levels of these may cause narcolepsy... | Orexins |
| Damage to the ___ nerve could result in defects of eye movement... | Abducens |
| Hearing is a function of this lobe... | Temporal |
| Most of the brain's neurons are found here... | Cerebellum |
| Consists of more than 100 small neural networks defined mostly by each's use of different neurotransmitters... | Reticular formation |
| Areas of cortex that identify or interpret sensory information... | Association areas |
| Branching pattern of white matter within the cerebellum... | Arbor vitae |
| Area of cortex that controls the motor pattern for speech... | Broca area |
| Right and left cerebral hemispheres are connected to each other by this thick C-shaped bundle of fibers... | Corpus callosum |
| Muscular incoordination resulting from damage to the motor areas of the brain during fetal development, birth or infancy... | Cerebral palsy |
| Damage to the brain typically resulting from a blow, often with loss of consciousness, disturbances of vision or equilibrium... | Concussion |
| Inflammation of the brain... | Encephalitis |
| Disorder causing sudden, massive discharge of neurons (seizures)... | Epilepsy |
| Recurring headaches often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, dizziness and aversion to light... | Migraine headaches |
| A thought disorder involving delusions, hallucinations, inappropriate emotional responses to situations, incoherent speech, etc... | Schizophrenia |
| Syndrome characterized by recurring episodes of intense stabbing pain in the trigeminal nerve with no known cause... | Trigeminal neuralgia |
| Degenerative disorder of the facial nerve, characterized by paralysis of the facial muscles on one side... | Bell palsy |
| Positron emission tomography... | PET scan |
| Magnetic resonance imaging... | MRI |
| Has the most extensive distribution of any cranial nerve... | Vagus nerve |
| Neither hemisphere is dominant but rather each is specialized for certain tasks... | Cerebral lateralization |
| Any language deficit resulting from lesions in the hemispheres containing the Wernicke and Broca areas... | Aphasia |
| Responsible for recognition of spoken and written language... | Wernicke area |
| Generates a motor program for the muscles of the larynx, tongue, cheeks and lips to produce speech... | Broca area |
| Lesions of the basal nuclei cause these movement disorders... | Dyskinesias |
| Intention to contract a skeletal muscle begins here... | Motor association area |
| Distributed all over the body and employ relatively simple receptors; include touch, pressure, stretch, etc... | General senses |
| Where we recognize faces and other familiar objects... | Visual association area |
| Maintained by inner ear and head and eye movements... | Equilibrium |
| Site where sensory input is first received and one becomes conscious of a stimulus... | Primary sensory cortex |
| Inability to recall things before a brain injury... | Retrograde amnesia |
| Inability to store new information after a brain injury... | Anterograde amnesia |
| Process of 'teaching the cerebral cortex' until a long-term memory is established... | Memory consolidation |
| Range of mental processes by which we acquire and use knowledge... | Cognition |
| A person with this experiences excessive daytime sleepiness and fatigue... | Narcolepsy |
| Backtracking between stage 3 or 4 to stage 2 of sleep... | Rapid eye movement sleep |
| Events that reoccur at intervals of about 24 hours... | Circadian rhythms |
| Recording the electrical activity of the brain to study normal brain functions such as sleep and consciousness... | Electroencephalogram |
| Brain waves absent during deep sleep... | Alpha |
| Brain waves accentuated during mental activity and sensory stimulation... | Beta waves |
| A predominance of these waves i awake adults suggests emotion stress or brain disorders.. | Theta waves |
| A predominance of delta waves in awake ___ indicates serious brain damage... | Adults |
| The amygdala is most likely involved in... | Emotion |
| The hippocampus is mostly involved in... | Memory |
| About 90% of the human cerebral cortex is a six-layered tissue called the ___... | Neocortex |
| Dehydration stimulates the hypothalamus to produce which conserves water by reducing urine output... | Antidiuretic hormone |
| Lesions to the ___ cause memory deficits... | Mammillary nuclei |
| The ___ controls our 24-hour rhythm of activity | Suprachiasmatic nucleus |
| Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder have abnormally small ___ | Cerebellum |
| Process by which the brain learns to ignore repetitive, inconsequential stimuli while remaining sensitive to others... | Habituation |
| Injury to the ___ ca result in irreversible coma... | Reticular formation |
| Contains a cardiac center, vasomotor center and respiratory centers... | Medulla oblongata |
| Consists of tight junctions between the endothelial cells that form the capillary walls... | Blood-brain barrier |
| Formed by tight junctions between the ependymal cells... | Blood-CSF barrier |
| Spaces between the dura that collect blood that has circulated through the brain... | Dural sinuses |
| Joints are also referred to as... | Articulations |
| Science of joint structure, function and dysfunction | Arthrology |
| Study of musculoskeletal movement | Kinesiology |
| Branch of science which deals with a broad variety of movements and mechanical processes in the body, including physics of blood circulation, respiration and hearing | Biomechanics |
| Where the atlas meets the occipital condyles | Atlantooccipital joint |
| Where the glenoid cavity meets the humerus | Glenohumeral joint |
| Where the radius meets the ulna | Radioulnar joint |
| Bony joints, or ___, are immovable joints formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and they become one single bone | Synostoses |
| A fibrous joint, or ___, is a point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone and penetrate into the other | Synarthrosis |
| Immovable or only slightly movable fibrous joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other | Sutures |
| Sutures that appear as wavy lines along which the adjoining bones firmly interlock with each other by their serrated margins | Serrate sutures |
| Sutures which occur where two bones have overlapping beveled edges, like a joint in carpentry | Lap sutures |
| Sutures which occur where two bones have straight nonoverlapping edges | Plane sutures |
| Attachment of a tooth to its socket | Gomphosis |
| Holds the tooth firmly in place | Periodontal ligament |
| A ___ is a fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by relatively long collagenous fibers | Syndesmosis |
| Amphiarthrosis | Cartilaginous joint |
| Two b ones joined by fibrocartilage | Symphysis |
| Joint in which bones are bound by hyaline cartilage | Synchondrosis |
| Most familiar type of joint | Synovial |
| Most structurally complex type of joint and the most likely to develop uncomfortable and crippling dysfunctions | Synovial joints |
| Layer of hyaline cartilage usually 2 or 3 mm thick that cover the facing surfaces of the two bones in a synovial joint | Articular cartilage |
| Narrow space within a joint | Joint cavity |
| Slippery lubricant found within diarthroses | Synovial fluid |
| Outer capsule which is continuous with the periosteum of the adjoining bones in a synovial joint | Fibrous capsul |
| Composed of mainly fibroblast-like cells that secrete lubricating fluid | Synovial membrane |
| Pad of articulating cartilage that crosses the entire joint capsule | Articular disc |
| Crescent shape cartilages which adsorb shock and pressure as well as help to guide the bones across each other | Menisci |
| Attaches bone to bone | Ligament |
| Attaches muscle to bone | Tendon |
| Fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid | Bursa |
| Elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon | Tendon sheath |
| Portion of a lever from the fulcrum to the point of effort | Effort arm |
| When synovial fluid is warmed by exercise, it becomes ___ and more easily absorbed by the articular cartilage | Thinner |
| Type of exercise that builds bone mass and strengthens the muscles that stabilize the joints | Weight-bearing |
| Function of a ___ is to produce a gain in the speed, distance or force of a motion | Lever |
| Ratio of output force to input force | Mechanical advantage |
| Fulcrum in the middle; example being the atlantooccipital joint of the neck | 1st-class lever |
| Resistance is in the middle of the effort and the fulcrum | 2nd-class lever |
| Effort is applied between the fulcrum and resistance; paddling a canoe | 3rd-class lever |
| Degrees through which a joint can move | Range of Motion |
| The mandible is a ___ when we open the mouth | 2nd-class lever |
| The mandible is a ___ when we close it to bite off a piece of food | 3rd-class lever |
| Passes through the bone in a direction perpendicular to the plan of movement | Axis of rotation |
| Joint which may move through all three degrees of freedom | Multiaxial joint |
| Joint which only has one degree of freedom | Monoaxial Joint |
| Classes of synovial joints: Shoulder and hip joints | Ball-and-socket |
| Classes of synovial joints: Metacarpophalangeal joints | Condylar |
| Classes of synovial joints: Concave in one direction and convex in the other, sitting on top of one another | Saddle Joint |
| Classes of synovial joints: Found between the carpal bones of the wrist | Plane Joint |
| Classes of synovial joints: Elbow and knee joints | Hinge |
| Classes of synovial joints: Monoaxial joints in which a bone spin on it's longitudinal axis | Pivot joints |
| When one is standing in AP, each joint is said to be in its ___ | Zero position |
| Movement that decreases a joint angle | Flexion |
| Movement that straightens a joint | Extension |
| Further extension of a joint beyond the zero position | Hyperextension |
| Movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body | Abduction |
| Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline | Adduction |
| Standing with ankles crossed, fingers crossed, etc | Hyperadducted |
| Raising the arm high enough to cross slightly over the front or back of your head | Hyperabduct |
| Movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plant | Elevation |
| Lowers a body part in the same plane | Depression |
| Anterior movement of a body part | Protraction |
| Posterior movement | Retraction |
| One end of an appendage remains fairly stationary while the other end makes a circular motion | Circumduction |
| Movement of a bone in which it spins on its longitudinal axis | Rotation |
| Forearm movement that turns the palm to face anteriorly or upward | Supination |
| Forearm movement that turns the palm posteriorly or downward | Pronation |
| Movement to the left or right of the zero position as seen in the mandible | Lateral excursion |
| Tilts the hand toward the little finger | Ulnar flexion |
| Means to move the thumb to touch the tip of any of the four fingers | Opposition |
| Movement in which the toes are elevated | Dorsiflexion |
| Foot movement that tips the soles medially | Inversion |
| To bend backward at the waist involves ___ of the vertebral column | Hyperextension |
| Internal and external rotation of the humerus are made possible by a ___ joint | Ball-and-Socket |
| Least moveable joint | Synostosis |
| Which joint has anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments? | Knee |
| In an adult, the ischium and pubis are united by a ___. | Symphysis |
| Science of movement | Biomechanics |
| A ___ synovial joint allows one bone to swivel on another | Pivot |
| Synchondroses contain what kind of cartilage? | Hyaline |
| Symphyses contain what kind of cartilage? | Fibrocartilage |
| The interosseous membranes between the ulna and radius as well as the tibia and fibula are examples of what type of joints? | Fibrous |
| The knuckles of the fingers are ___ synovial joints | Condylar |
| The knuckles of the fingers are ___ joints | Synovial |
| The menisci of the knee are functionally similar to the ___ of the TMJ | Articular disc |
| Adjacent bones slide over each other and have relatively limited movement | Plane joint |
| Bone spins on its longitudinal axis | Pivot joint |
| Carpal bones of the wrist | Plane joint |
| Concave in one direction and convex in the other | Saddle joint |
| Flat or only slightly concave/convex surfaces | Plane joint |
| Metacarpophalanageal joints | Condylar joint |
| Oval convex surface fits into a complementary shaped depression | Condylar joint |
| Sternoclavicular joint | Saddle joint |
| Trochlear notch of the ulna and trochlea of the humerus | Hinge joint |
| Range of motion gives us and other primates the opposable thumb | Saddle joint |
| Broad term for pain and inflammation of a joint | Arthritis |
| Doctor specializing in the joints - function/dysfunction | Arthrologist |
| The vertebrae and the intervertebral discs are what type of cartilaginous joint? | Symphysis |
| The ___ does not actually articulate with the femur in the knee joint | Fibula |
| A person ___ their arm if they raise it high enough to cross slightly over the front or back of the head | Hyperabducts |
| Connective tissue that encloses a synovial cavity and retains the fluid | Joint capsule |
| Most commonly dislocated joint in the body | Shoulder |
| Articulations between the tibia and fibula with the talus | Talocrural joint |
| Cause movement by pulling one bone toward another across a moveable joint | Muscle Contractions |
| Attach muscles to bones and other connective tissues | Tendons |
| Normally attached to the more stationary of the bones involved in a joint | Origin |
| Largest portion of a muscle, located between the origin and the head | Belly |
| Muscle causing an action when it contracts | Agonist |
| Muscle which works against a movement in the opposite direction | Antagonist |
| The shape and size of a given muscle greatly influences the degree to which it can ___ and amount of force it can generate | Contract |
| Stabilize one or more joints crossed by the prime mover | Fixator |
| Very broad tendon | Aponeurosis |
| Insertion located at the superior nuchal line and mastoid process | Splenius capitis |
| Fasciculi are shorter at the base of the neck and leave a diamond shaped area over inferior cervical and superior thoracic vertebral spines | Trapezius |
| Twisted neck; may result from injury to one of the sternocleidomastoid muscles | Torticollis |
| Rough, raspy noise that can occur when a sleeping person inhales through mouth and nose | Snoring |
| Stabilize they hyoid from below so the muscles above can depress the mandible | Infrahyoid muscles |
| Attached to pubic crest and symphysis pubis | Rectus abdominis |
| Attached to sternum and xiphoid process | Transversus thoracis |
| Connected to inferior and superior margins of each rib | Intercostalis |
| Elevates first and second ribs | Scalenus |
| Stimulated by the upper lumbar nerve to laterally flex vertebral column and depress 12th rib | Quadratus lumborum |
| Depresses scapula or elevates the ribs | Pectoralis minor |
| Fixes clavicle or elevates first rib | Subclavius |
| Rotates and protracts scapula and elevates the ribs | Serratus anterior |
| The arm is attached to the thorax by the ___ and the latissimus dorsi | Pectoralis major |
| Like three muscles in one; flexing shoulder, abducting the arm, and extending the shoulder | Deltoid |
| Primary muscles holding the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa | Rotator cuff muscles |
| Forms the upper chest | Pectoralis major |
| Involves forcefully closing the mouth and grinding food between teeth | Mastication |
| Muscles completely enclosed within the system which they function in moving | Intrinsic |
| Most the pelvic floor is formed by the coccygeus muscle and the ___ | Levator ani |
| The ___ and the buccinator pucker the mouth | Orbicularis oris |
| The muscle in charge of closing the eyelids and results in the wrinkles known as "crows feet" | Orbicularis oculi |
| Depress the mandible and elevate the larynx | Hyoid Muscles |
| Group which accounts for most of the muscle mass in the lower back | Longissimus spinalis |
| Prime mover of the lateral group (head/neck) | Sternocleidomastoid |
| White line running from xiphoid process to pubis composed of white connective tissue rather than muscle | Linea alba |
| Pivot point | Fulcrum |
| Muscle fibers arranged like the barbs of a feather along a common tendon | Pennate |
| Fasciculi arranged in one direction along the long axis of the muscle | Parallel |
| Muscle fibers are arranged to form a much larger base than insertion | Convergent |
| Have fasciculi arranged in a circle around an opening and act as sphincters | Circular |
| Rigid shaft capable of turning about a pivot point | Lever |
| Most common lever class in the body | Class III |
| Weight located between the fulcrum and the pull | Class II |
| Fulcrum located between the force and the weight | Class I Lever |
| Raises the eyebrows and furrows the skin of the forehead | Occipitofrontalis |
| Droopy eyelid on one side due to nerve damage | Ptosis |
| The ___ of the mandible are some of the strongest muscles of the body | Elevators |
| Change tongue shape | Intrinsic muscles |
| Depress, protrude, retract and depress, and elevates the tongue | Extrinsic muscles |
| Can result from poor posture, being overweight, or from having poor fitness | Lower back pain |
| Causes major movement produced during quiet breathing | Diaphragm |
| Transect the rectus abdominis at three or sometimes more locations causing the muscle to appear segmented | Tendinous intersections |
| Inferior pelvic floor | Perineum |
| Major connection of the upper limb to the body is accomplished by ___ | Muscles |
| Extension of the elbow is accomplished by the ___ and the anconeus | Triceps brachii |
| Flexion of the elbow is accomplished by the brachialis, biceps brachii and ___ | Brachioradialis |
| Can result from forceful, repetitive use of forearm extensor muscles | Tennis elbow |
| Flex the hip, referred to in this way because of the two muscles common origin/insertion and because they produce the same movement | Iliopsoas |
| Contributes most of the mass that can be seen as the buttocks | Gluteus maximus |
| Means "tailor" | Sartorius |
| Anterior thigh muscles are the ___ and the sartorius | Quadriceps femoris |
| Longest muscle of the body | Sartorius |
| Named because in pigs these tendons can be used to suspend hams during curing | Hamstrings |
| Term involving any one of the four conditions associated with pain in the anterior portion of the leg | Shinsplints |
| Plantaris joins with the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment to form the ___ | Achilles tendon |
| To make a muscle contract more strongly, the nervous system can activate more motor units... | Recruitment |
| Functional unit of a muscle fiber... | Sarcomere |
| Before a muscle can contract, ATP must bind to.. | Myosin head |
| Smooth muscles have ___ whereas skeletal muscles do not... | Calmodulin |
| Hardening of the muscles and stiffening of the body beginning 3 to 4 hours after death... | Rigor mortis |
| Slow oxidative fibers have an abundance of ... | Glycogen |
| Ability to contract rhythmically and independently... | Autorhythmicity |
| Bundles of parallel protein microfilaments within each myofibril... | Myofilaments |
| Study of electrical activity of cells... | Electrophysiology |
| Minimum stimulus intensity that will make a muscle contract... | threshold |
| Neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle... | Acetylcholine |
| Muscle contains this oxygen-binding pigment... | Myoglobin |
| End product of anerobic fermentation that causes muscle fatigue... | Lactic acid |
| Protein within the sarcoplasmic reticulum that binds to calcium and sotres it until the next muscle contraction... | Calsequestrin |
| Usually forms layers in the walls of larger organs such as stomach, intestines, etc. | Smooth muscle |
| Smallest and most abundant plasma protein in the blood... | Albumin |
| All formed elements trace their origins to a common type of ___ in the bone marrow... | Hemopoietic stem cells |
| Consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood.... | Circulatory system |
| Largest of the WBCs and are often about two to three times the diameter of a RBC... | Monocytes |
| Kidney hormone that stimulates RBC production... | Erythropoietin |
| Overall cessation of bleeding... | Hemostasis |
| Clotting of the blood... | Coagulation |
| Mass of platelets that forms to reduce or stop minor bleeding... | Platelet plug |
| Prompt constriction of the broken blood vessel... | Vascular spasm |
| Red pigment that gives RBCs their color and name... | Hemoglobin |
| Sticky protein that adheres to the walls of a ruptured vessel... | Fibrin |
| Contribute most to the viscosity of blood... | Erythrocytes |
| Serum is blood plasma minus it's... | Clotting proteins |
| Route by which blood leaves an organ... | Venous drainage |
| Large transverse vein in the coronary sulcus... | Coronary sinus |
| Coronary sinus empties into the... | Right atrium |
| Consists of the heart and the blood vessels... | Cardiovascular system |
| Contraction of any heart chamber... | Systole |
| Relaxation of any heart chamber... | Diastole |
| Death of cardiac tissue from lack of blood flow... | Myocardial infarction |
| Compression of the heart by an abnormal accumulation of fluid or clotted blood in the pericardial cavity... | Cardiac tamponade |
| Fluid accumulation in either circuit due to insufficiency of ventricular pumping... | Congestive heart failure |
| Inflammation of the pericardium... | Acute pericarditis |
| Any failure of a valve to prevent reflux... | Valvular insufficiency |
| Persistent, resting heart rate of below 60 bpm... | Bradycardia |
| Intrinsic laryngeal muscles regulate speech by rotating the... | Arytenoids cartilages |
| Grapelike clusters of thin-walled respiratory sacs... | Alveoli |
| Respiratory arrest would most likely result from a tumor of the... | Medulla oblongata |
| Protects the lungs from injury by excessive inspriation... | Inflation reflex |
| Close larynx during swallowing... | Vestibular folds |
| Produce sounds when air passes between them... | Vocal folds |
| Consists of those passages that serve only for airflow... | Conducting division |
| Pulmonary infection with bacteria which invades the lungs by way of air, blood or lymph and compromises ventilation of the lungs... | Tuberculosis |
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