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Developmental

Lecture 18

QuestionAnswer
Spemann organizer Dorsal lip of blastopore - starts by invagination and causes dorsalization and neurulation of embryo. Two models how Spemann organizers does this
Nieuwkoop center induces Spemann organizer
Nieuwkoop et al showed that the mesoderm arises from the marginal zone of borders between animal and vegetal poles.
Summary cortical rotation stabilizes Beta catenin on dorsal side
WNT signaling activates Beta catenin to stimulate Samois production which stimulates other genes to get Nieukoop centers signaling  functional Spemann organizer
Two factor model-Spemann organizer produces mixture of substances that act to make posterior – anterior structure. Two step (2 posteriorization) first anterior structure forming substances are produced followed by posterior structure forming substances (factors).
Activin and BMP binds to receptors and activate intracellular signal transducer family members SMAD
Activin activates Smad2 ligand,
, BMP4 activates smad1 ligand.
Activin member of transforming growth factor beta TGF-Beta signaling family
Middle blastula cells become mesoderm by responding to activin produced in the vegetal hemisphere
Activin is a morphogen.
BMP4 is expressed in all cells except extreme dorsal mesoderm
Absence of BMP4 yields notochord
Dorsal mesoderm produces Noggin and Chordin (antagonists of BMP4) creating a gradient
High activity levels BMP4 get blood
Middle activity levels BMP4 get kidney, muscle
Low (no) activity levels BMP4 get notochord
Left Right Body Patterning involves nodal
Nodal is a Transforming Growth Factor Beta family member
Nodal is dispersed to the left by cilia present on organizer cell surface -cilia beat counterclockwise
All vertebrates express nodal
ZPA (zone of polarizing activity) yields anterior-posterior limb development
Transplant ZPA from posterior to anterior get mirror image due to sonic hedgehog localized to ZPA.
Hox Genes ____ to ____ are needed for limb development a9-a13 to d9-d13
forms due to expression of d9 and d10 Humerus
form due to mixture of d9-d13 Ulna and radius
Wrist due to expression a13 and d13
Created by: AshCha
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