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ComprehensiveFinal
Anatomy and Physiology 2 Comprehensive Final Exam
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Jaundice can be the result of _____, and causes _____. | Blocked bile duct, biliruben |
Erythropoiesis increases when | blood 02 levels drop |
A hematocrit provides information on | % of formed elements in whole blood |
The heme group in hemoglobin contains an atom of _____ where oxygen binds. | iron |
Damage to what organ would cause the blood level of bilirubin to rise above normal? | liver |
How would a patient diagnosed with leukemia blood work present? | Leukoytosis |
Cardiac muscle is known as the | Myocardium |
Which heart cavities has the thickest walls? | left ventricle |
Platelets are described as | cell fragments assisting in clotting process |
Erythrocytes are produced in | red bone marrow |
An inability of body cells to receive adequate amounts of oxygen may indicate a malfunction of | heart/lungs |
_____ is the Plasma protein that i sprimarily responsible for maintaing blood osmotic pressure | Albumin |
Plasma proteins that necessary for blood clotting are the | fibrogen |
Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone | erythropoiten |
The function of hemoglobin is to | transport 02 and C02 |
AQRS complex on an ECG represents | depolarization of ventricles |
What occurs during the Atrial Systole phase of the cardiac cycle? | Rising pressure in the ventricles causes AV valves to close |
Systole mean | contract |
When the pressure is high enough in the ventricles to overcome the arterial pressure of the arteries, which waves open? | Semi-lunar |
List the correct sequence of parts through which blood moves in passing from the vena cava to the lungs | Vena Cava, right atrium, tricuspid, right ventricle, pulmonary semi lunar valve, pulmonary trunk right and left arteries, lungs |
What is occurring in the heart that an ECG is often considered to be the best diagnostic tool | Arrythimia |
When is there a delay in the impulse conduction of the heart? | When impulse reaches AV node |
What is the primary function of the Pulmonary Circuit? | Transfer blood to and from lungs |
Type O blood contains what type of antigens | none |
An ECG is a record of | electrical impulse of heart beat |
The peacemaker cells of the heart are located in the | SA node |
Depolarization of the atria is represented on an electrocardiogram by the | P wave |
The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the | Stroke Volume |
Which of the following terms describes a fast heart rate? | tachycardia |
The T wave of an ECG is caused by | repolarization of ventricles |
What WBC's is BEST at fighting bacterial infections? | Neutrophils |
Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the | right atrium |
Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the | Left atrium |
The cusps of atrioventricular valves are attached to papillary muscles by the | cordae tendinee |
The entrance to the ascending aorta is guarded by the _____ valve. | aortic semi lunar |
The left and right pulmonary arteries carry blood to the | lungs |
What would increase blood pressure the MOST? In regards to diameter or length of vessel, PNS, CO? | Diameter has greatest effect |
The only blood vessel whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids are the | capillaries |
Venous valves are responsible for | preventing backflow |
Apositive net filtration rate/pressure in which the capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the blood colloid osmotic pressure forces water _____ a capillary. | out of |
A negative net filtration rate results in a greater blood colloid osmotic pressure than capillary hydrostatic pressure which _____ a capillary. | forces H2 into |
If the stimulus is high blood pressure, what would be the response of the autonomic Nervous system? Parasymathetic or Sympathetic? | Sympathetic activity inhibited |
A patient presents with low blood pressure and low blood volume. Which endocrine mechanisms would help increase blood volume and therefore increase blood pressure? Release of | Angiotensin 2, EPO |
What inhibits the release of aldosterone? | Natriunetic peptides |
Small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed | lymph nodes |
Where do large clusters lymph nodes occur? | Armpits, Neck, Groin |
Symptoms of lymph drainage blockage in a limb present as | swelling in limb |
What type vessel tends to be a secondary site for cancer induction? | Lymph nodes |
The blood vessel responsible for delivering nutrient rich blood from the degestive viscera into the liver for detoxification is | Heptic Portal Vein |
The blood pressure in the systemic arteries is greatest during | Ventricle Systole 2nd phase |
Pulmonary Arteries carry blood to the | lungs |
Pulmonary veins carry blood to the | heart |
Braces off the aortic arch include the | brachiocephalic trunk, left common cortid, left subclavion |
In the lower leg, the femoral artery becomes the _____ artery. | Tibial |
The vessel that receives blood from the head, neck, chest, shoulders, and arms is the | Superior Vena Cava |
The great saphenous vein joins _____ before becoming the external iliac vein? | Femoral |
Age related changes of the heart include | C0 Changes in nodal and collecting ducts |
The veins carring blood back to the heart from the tissues below the diaphragm converge into what blood vessel that delivers blood to the heart? | Inferior Vena Cava |
Which valve in the heart separates the right atrium and right ventricle | Tricuspid |
What occurs when the aortic baroreceptors detect high blood pressure | cardio inhibitory centers stimulated cardio acceleratory centers inhibited vasomotor center inhibited |
Antibiotics are used to treat | bacterial infections |
What is the "host cell" for the HIV test? | Helper T |
Vaccinations/Immunizations are designed to provide protection against which? | Viruses |
What does the trachea consts of | Long tube of mucous membrane surrounded by C shaped cartilage |
When the size of the thoracic cavity increases... what happens to the pressure and where does air move? | Decreases. Air moves into the lungs |
When the size of the thoracic cavity decreases... what happens to the pressure and where does air move? | Pressure increases. Air moves out of lungs |
How is most of the oxygen in the blood transported... | bond to heme unit |
How is most of the carbon dioxide in the blood transported... | as carbonic acid |
What conditions alter the shape of Hemeglobin, encouraging the "unloading"' of oxygen at the body tissues? | Lower than normal PH |
Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the capillaries because | diffusion down concentration gradenct |
Exhalation occurs when the relate to omuscles and chest cavity size/pressures | muscle relax and chest cavity size decreases, increasing pressure higher than outside air |
What term describes a collapsed lung | atelectasis |
What term describes an increase in C02 in arterial blood? | hypercapnia |
The function of surfactant is | keep alveoli open by decreasing surface tension |
What are the tiny finger like projections called that are located on the inner layer of the small intestine? | Villi |
The food bolus moves from the stomach to the small intestine by passing through which of the following sphincters? | pyloric |
What is primarily removed from the undigested food when it is in the large intestine? | H20 |
Which region of the small intestine neutralizes stomach acids? | duodenum |
What term describes the transverse folds in the intestine and function to increase surface area for absorption? | plica circulares |
Bile is produced in the _____ and stored in the _____. | Live, gall bladder |
the MOST chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur in which partof the digestive system | small intestine |
The muscular contractions that occur all along the digestive tract and which move food along are called: | peristalsis |
The emulsification of fats occurs as a result of: | bile |
Which emulsification of fats occurs as a result of: | bile |
Which hormone tagets the gall bladder causing it to contract and relase bile? | Cholecystokinin |
What are the functions of the liver? | regulation of blood, removes waste, stores vitamins and minerals, assists in metabolism of lipids by producing bile |
Which organ secretes bicarbonic ions? | Pancreas |
The prime fuction of alveoli is | gas exchange |