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ComprehensiveFinal
Anatomy and Physiology 2 Comprehensive Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Jaundice can be the result of _____, and causes _____. | Blocked bile duct, biliruben |
| Erythropoiesis increases when | blood 02 levels drop |
| A hematocrit provides information on | % of formed elements in whole blood |
| The heme group in hemoglobin contains an atom of _____ where oxygen binds. | iron |
| Damage to what organ would cause the blood level of bilirubin to rise above normal? | liver |
| How would a patient diagnosed with leukemia blood work present? | Leukoytosis |
| Cardiac muscle is known as the | Myocardium |
| Which heart cavities has the thickest walls? | left ventricle |
| Platelets are described as | cell fragments assisting in clotting process |
| Erythrocytes are produced in | red bone marrow |
| An inability of body cells to receive adequate amounts of oxygen may indicate a malfunction of | heart/lungs |
| _____ is the Plasma protein that i sprimarily responsible for maintaing blood osmotic pressure | Albumin |
| Plasma proteins that necessary for blood clotting are the | fibrogen |
| Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone | erythropoiten |
| The function of hemoglobin is to | transport 02 and C02 |
| AQRS complex on an ECG represents | depolarization of ventricles |
| What occurs during the Atrial Systole phase of the cardiac cycle? | Rising pressure in the ventricles causes AV valves to close |
| Systole mean | contract |
| When the pressure is high enough in the ventricles to overcome the arterial pressure of the arteries, which waves open? | Semi-lunar |
| List the correct sequence of parts through which blood moves in passing from the vena cava to the lungs | Vena Cava, right atrium, tricuspid, right ventricle, pulmonary semi lunar valve, pulmonary trunk right and left arteries, lungs |
| What is occurring in the heart that an ECG is often considered to be the best diagnostic tool | Arrythimia |
| When is there a delay in the impulse conduction of the heart? | When impulse reaches AV node |
| What is the primary function of the Pulmonary Circuit? | Transfer blood to and from lungs |
| Type O blood contains what type of antigens | none |
| An ECG is a record of | electrical impulse of heart beat |
| The peacemaker cells of the heart are located in the | SA node |
| Depolarization of the atria is represented on an electrocardiogram by the | P wave |
| The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the | Stroke Volume |
| Which of the following terms describes a fast heart rate? | tachycardia |
| The T wave of an ECG is caused by | repolarization of ventricles |
| What WBC's is BEST at fighting bacterial infections? | Neutrophils |
| Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the | right atrium |
| Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the | Left atrium |
| The cusps of atrioventricular valves are attached to papillary muscles by the | cordae tendinee |
| The entrance to the ascending aorta is guarded by the _____ valve. | aortic semi lunar |
| The left and right pulmonary arteries carry blood to the | lungs |
| What would increase blood pressure the MOST? In regards to diameter or length of vessel, PNS, CO? | Diameter has greatest effect |
| The only blood vessel whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids are the | capillaries |
| Venous valves are responsible for | preventing backflow |
| Apositive net filtration rate/pressure in which the capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the blood colloid osmotic pressure forces water _____ a capillary. | out of |
| A negative net filtration rate results in a greater blood colloid osmotic pressure than capillary hydrostatic pressure which _____ a capillary. | forces H2 into |
| If the stimulus is high blood pressure, what would be the response of the autonomic Nervous system? Parasymathetic or Sympathetic? | Sympathetic activity inhibited |
| A patient presents with low blood pressure and low blood volume. Which endocrine mechanisms would help increase blood volume and therefore increase blood pressure? Release of | Angiotensin 2, EPO |
| What inhibits the release of aldosterone? | Natriunetic peptides |
| Small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed | lymph nodes |
| Where do large clusters lymph nodes occur? | Armpits, Neck, Groin |
| Symptoms of lymph drainage blockage in a limb present as | swelling in limb |
| What type vessel tends to be a secondary site for cancer induction? | Lymph nodes |
| The blood vessel responsible for delivering nutrient rich blood from the degestive viscera into the liver for detoxification is | Heptic Portal Vein |
| The blood pressure in the systemic arteries is greatest during | Ventricle Systole 2nd phase |
| Pulmonary Arteries carry blood to the | lungs |
| Pulmonary veins carry blood to the | heart |
| Braces off the aortic arch include the | brachiocephalic trunk, left common cortid, left subclavion |
| In the lower leg, the femoral artery becomes the _____ artery. | Tibial |
| The vessel that receives blood from the head, neck, chest, shoulders, and arms is the | Superior Vena Cava |
| The great saphenous vein joins _____ before becoming the external iliac vein? | Femoral |
| Age related changes of the heart include | C0 Changes in nodal and collecting ducts |
| The veins carring blood back to the heart from the tissues below the diaphragm converge into what blood vessel that delivers blood to the heart? | Inferior Vena Cava |
| Which valve in the heart separates the right atrium and right ventricle | Tricuspid |
| What occurs when the aortic baroreceptors detect high blood pressure | cardio inhibitory centers stimulated cardio acceleratory centers inhibited vasomotor center inhibited |
| Antibiotics are used to treat | bacterial infections |
| What is the "host cell" for the HIV test? | Helper T |
| Vaccinations/Immunizations are designed to provide protection against which? | Viruses |
| What does the trachea consts of | Long tube of mucous membrane surrounded by C shaped cartilage |
| When the size of the thoracic cavity increases... what happens to the pressure and where does air move? | Decreases. Air moves into the lungs |
| When the size of the thoracic cavity decreases... what happens to the pressure and where does air move? | Pressure increases. Air moves out of lungs |
| How is most of the oxygen in the blood transported... | bond to heme unit |
| How is most of the carbon dioxide in the blood transported... | as carbonic acid |
| What conditions alter the shape of Hemeglobin, encouraging the "unloading"' of oxygen at the body tissues? | Lower than normal PH |
| Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the capillaries because | diffusion down concentration gradenct |
| Exhalation occurs when the relate to omuscles and chest cavity size/pressures | muscle relax and chest cavity size decreases, increasing pressure higher than outside air |
| What term describes a collapsed lung | atelectasis |
| What term describes an increase in C02 in arterial blood? | hypercapnia |
| The function of surfactant is | keep alveoli open by decreasing surface tension |
| What are the tiny finger like projections called that are located on the inner layer of the small intestine? | Villi |
| The food bolus moves from the stomach to the small intestine by passing through which of the following sphincters? | pyloric |
| What is primarily removed from the undigested food when it is in the large intestine? | H20 |
| Which region of the small intestine neutralizes stomach acids? | duodenum |
| What term describes the transverse folds in the intestine and function to increase surface area for absorption? | plica circulares |
| Bile is produced in the _____ and stored in the _____. | Live, gall bladder |
| the MOST chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur in which partof the digestive system | small intestine |
| The muscular contractions that occur all along the digestive tract and which move food along are called: | peristalsis |
| The emulsification of fats occurs as a result of: | bile |
| Which emulsification of fats occurs as a result of: | bile |
| Which hormone tagets the gall bladder causing it to contract and relase bile? | Cholecystokinin |
| What are the functions of the liver? | regulation of blood, removes waste, stores vitamins and minerals, assists in metabolism of lipids by producing bile |
| Which organ secretes bicarbonic ions? | Pancreas |
| The prime fuction of alveoli is | gas exchange |
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