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Comp anat verts #2
Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| phylogenetic history | evolutionary history |
| ontological history | embryological history |
| somatic mesoderm | area between ectoderm and mesoderm |
| splanchnic mesoderm | area between endoderm and mesoderm |
| ostracoderms have this kind of armor | dermal armor |
| secondary dermal armor | subsequently in evolution, dermal armor returned in the armadillo and parts of the turtle and it was given this name |
| 3 types of epidermal seals | 1) cuticle 2)mucous 3)keratin |
| cuticle | non-living layer secreted by integument. it is only found in larval forms |
| mucous | a sheath secreted by epidermis that is highly effective against water and solute if kept wet. Found in hagfish, some other fish and some amphibians |
| keratin | a scleroprotein that comes about with the invasion of land because mucoid sheaths dry out on land. first seen in amphibians |
| warts | areas of thickness of keratin found on amphibians. The first hint of these were epidermal scales |
| ecdysis | desquamation |
| reptiles are the first to have this instead of dermal scales | epidermal scales |
| mammals that have epidermal scales include | rats [their tails have unmodified reptilian scales as well as the bottoms of their feet] |
| hair | not a derivative of the epidermis. rather, it is the evolutionary result of the prototrich. this structure developed first as a sensory structure and as a method of insulation |
| prototrich | a sensory structure found in early fish that has a hard, thin wire known as the apicle gristle |
| feathers | modified epidermal scales. developed for 2 reasons : 1) insulation 2) aides in gliding during flight; most likely played a roll in surface insulation |
| the ways in which feathers act as insulators include | 1) in ectotherms, they are heat gathering mechanisms 2) in endotherms, they are heat trapping mechanisms |
| birds have unmodified epidermal reptilian scales in this area of their bodies | a bird's legs |
| 3 types of bird feathers | 1)Down 2) Filoplume 3) Contour |
| The four parts of a contour feather are | 1) quill [calamus] 2) shaft [rachis] 3) barbs 4) barbules |
| Pteralyae | definite feather tracks that form the patterns that contour feathers are found in on a bird |
| Reminges | the pattern of feathers on the flight surface of the bird |
| Retrices | the pattern of feathers on a bird's tail |
| nails, claws and hooves are examples of these type of structures | examples of homologous structures |
| chromatophores | ectodermal structures located between the epidermis and the dermis. they originate from migrating neural crest cells |
| the 4 types of chromatophores | 1) melanophores 2) lipophores 3) guanophores 4) iridocytes |
| melanophores | inject black pigment into the hair and skin |
| lipophores | 2 types: 1) xanthophores [produce yellow pigment] 2) erythrophores [produce red pigment] |
| guanophores | produce gray pigment |
| iridocytes | crystals that reflect light and make a blue color because there is no blue pigment found in the animal kingdom |
| metachrosis | the rapid changing of color that a chameleon undergoes |
| process of metachrosis | this is brought about by a hormonal change. sensory organs pick up the colors of the surroundings and the epidermis is close enough to the blood stream to have hormones affect the epidermis and produce a color change |
| some northern mammals change their hair color this way | shedding the brown hair for a new white coat of fur. this is visually controlled by a hormonal change |
| the post pharyngial axial skeleton is comprised of these elements | 1) vetebral column 2) ribs 3) sternum |
| formation of the vertebral column happened in these three steps | 1) Dorsal arch 2) Ventral arch 3) Formation of centra |
| dorsal arch | attached to the notochord and its function is to protect the dorsal hollow nerve cord |
| ventral arch | attached to the notochord and its function is to protect dorsal blood vessels. these blood vessels are only in need of protection in the tail of an organism |
| centra | primitively there are two of these per vertebrae: interhemal and hemal. Chondristii and cyclostomes don't have these |
| shark tail vertebrae still have these intact | neural and interneural arches and hemal and interhemal arches are still intact in this region of this organism |
| evolutionary trends of vertebral column development | 1) loss of inter-callery arches 2) loss of hemal arches 3) loss of centra |
| a lot of primitive fish still have this | a continuous tube of protection |
| chevron bones | bones found in the tails of some organisms that are a fusion of the vertebrae and hemal arches |
| 6 types of apophyses processes | 1) pleuropophyses 2) diophyses 3) zygopophyses 4) parapophyses 5) basopophyses 6) hypophyses |
| pleuropophyses | in lumbar vertebrae, the diophyses fuses with the lumbar rib |
| diophyses | transverse process |
| zygopophyses | pre-articulations that prevent the vertebrae from twisting |
| parapophyses | used for rib attachment |
| basopophyses | remnants of the hemal arch in the body cavity |
| hypophyses | mid-ventral structure in snakes to help with motility |
| diplospondyly | having two centra per vertebrae |
| monospondyly | having one centrum per vertebrae [e.g. mammals] |
| aspondyly | possessing no centra [e.g. chondristii] |
| polyspondyly | possessing 5 or 6 centra per vertebrae [e.g. dipnoi] |
| the intervertebral body consists of these two things | 1) notochord 2) fibrous connective tissue [annular rings] |
| opisthocoelus | a term used to describe a vertebrae where the anterior end is rounded and the posterior end is concave |
| procoelus | a term used to describe a vertebrae where the anterior end is concave and the posterior end is rounded |
| acoelus vertebrae are found in | this type of vertebrae are found in mammals |
| heterocoelus | a term used to describe saddle-shaped vertebrae. this type of vertebrae are commonly found in birds |
| regionalization of the vertebral column produces these four types of vertebrae | 1) cervical vertebrae 2) sacral vertebrae 3) lumbar and thoracic vertebrae 4) caudal vertebrae |
| sacral vertebrae function | attach appendages to vertebral column for support. mammals have 3-5 of this kind of vertebrae; amphibians have one and reptiles have 2 |
| synsacrum | a structure that birds have. it is a structure formed from the fusion of the distal thoracic, all lumbar, all sacral and the proximal caudal vertebrae |
| function of the lumbar and thoracic vertebrae | these types of vertebrae help for respiration and locomotion. these types of vertebrae were first used for locomotion in reptiles |
| the caudal vertebrae in the cat lack this | zygopohpyses. this allows them to twist their tails |
| urostyle | found in amphibians, this is the fusion of all caudal vertebrae |
| pygostyle | this is found in birds and is the fusion of all of the distal caudal vertebrae |
| coccyx | fusion of the last few caudal vertebrae |
| anti-twist mechanisms in the vertebrae | pre and post zygopophyses. these can be found in all vertebrae except caudal vertebrae |
| 3 ways to increase cranial mobility are | 1) increase the number of cervical vertebrae 2) axis and atlas 3) occipital chondyle formation |
| birds can twist their heads all the way around for this reason | birds have more cervical vertebrae and those vertebrae are heterocoelus |
| 2 types of ribs | 1) primary ribs 2) secondary ribs |
| primary ribs | ribs that form from the primary endoskeleton and come from the lateral wall mesoderm. mesentery undergoes ossification and then forms this type of rib |
| secondary ribs | ribs formed from the dermis and only occur in the underside of the body. they occur only in the lumbar region and do not attach to the vertebrae |
| gastralia | also called abdominal ribs. these are secondary ribs found in snakes |
| functions of ribs | 1) muscle attachment 2) protection of the lungs |
| the two types of primary ribs | 1) dorsal ribs 2) ventral ribs |
| how transverse foramen were formed | at one point in development there were cervical ribs but they fused to the cervical vertebrae in order to form these |
| the cranium is composed of these four elements | 1) neurocranium 2) sensory capsules 3) dermatocranium 4) splanchnocranium |
| neurocranium | protects the brain and arises from cartilage |
| dermatocranium | dermal bone that derive from the scales of fish |
| splanchnocranium | the jaws of the skull. these are endochondral |
| the back wall of the neurocranium is formed by the | occipital bone |
| the floor of the neurocranium is formed by the | sphenoid bones |
| the other wall of the neurocranium is formed by the | alisphenoid bone |
| endochondral bones | petrous bone and mastoid bone |
| pro-otic forms the | petrous bone |
| opisthotic forms the | mastoid bone |
| episthotic | is lost in evolution |
| palatoquadrate | upper jaw, the quadrate bone |
| mechel's cartilage | lower jaw, the articulare |
| the dermatocranium is derived from cosmoid scales. name the four elements that make up the dermatocranium's brain case | 1) roofing elements 2) marginal bones 3) flooring elements 4) encase jaw bones |
| examples of roofing elements | nasal, parietal, lacrimal, frontal, temporal |
| examples of marginal bones | zygomatic, nasal, maxillary, premaxillary |
| examples of flooring elements | palatine, vomer, sphenoid |
| example of elements that encase jaw bones | dentary bone |
| evolutionary trends in the skull | 1) incorporation of cranial elements 2) reduction in the number of dermal bones 3) evolution of sound conduction and hearing 4) disassociation of skull and pectoral girdle 5) compounding of bones 6) division of epichondyles 7) formation temporal fin |
| weberian ossicles | 4 special bones used by a special group of teleosts |
| lateral line system | a sensory system found in fish that picks up vibrations in the water |
| evidence that the first two cervical vertebrae fused with the back of the skull at some point in evolutionary history | this happened between anamniotes and amniotes. anamniotes had 10 cranial nerves and amniotes have 12 cranial nerves |
| in time the quadrate becomes | the incus bone |
| in time the articulare becomes | the mallear bone |
| factors that accentuate hearing function and loss of articular function of the quadrate and articulare are | 1) subaxial flexion 2) jaw shortens for predatory value. this miniaturizes the quadrate and articulare to become the incus and the malleous. the columella becomes the stapes also |
| plies | distinct layers into which collagen fibers are woven |
| vibrissae | whiskers |
| scutes | epidermal scales like the ones found on a snake |
| function of the collagen fibers in the dermis | they give shape to the skin and prevent it from sagging. in fish, it allows the skin to stretch when it is pulled at an angle that is oblique to the direction of the bundles |
| kintetic skulls | skulls with movement between the upper jaw and the braincase about joints between them |
| mastication | the process of chewing food before swallowing it |
| baleen | a brush-like specialization of keratin located in the upper jaw where the teeth most likely would be expected to be |
| the 6 series of dermal bones that make up the brain case and 2 examples of bones from each series | 1) facial series [premaxilla, maxilla] 2) orbital series [lacrimal, prefrontal] 3) temporal series [intertemporal, supratemporal] 4) vault series [parietal, frontal] 5) palatal series [vomer, palatine] 6) mandibular series [dentary, splenial] |
| plastron | a composite bony plate forming on the floor of a shell |
| arcua | a cartilage that eventually forms the vertebrae from embryo to adult |
Created by:
ESPOLADE
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