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BL-CH24- Vertebrates
Chapter 24, Animal Diversity Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define nerve cord | a major nervous pathway consisting of a cord of nervous tissue extending lengthwise through the body, paired in many invertebrates and unpaired in chordates |
| How is the nerve cord different in a chordate from other animals? | |
| Define notochord | a stiff, but somewhat flexible, supportive rod that extends along the head-to-tail axis and is found in all members of the phylum Chordata at some stage of development |
| What is the purpose of the notochord? | |
| Define post-anal tail | a tail that extends beyond the anus, and contains muscle tissue and the most posterior part of the nerve cord; found in all chordates at some stage of development |
| What are the four features that all chordates possess at some stage of their lives? | |
| What three clades make up chordates? | |
| What are the major characteristics of lancelets? | |
| What are the major characteristics ot tunicates? | |
| Define Craniates | an animal that has a skull |
| Define cartilage | a form of connective tissue that forms portions of the skeleton; consists of chondrocytes abd their extracellular secretion of collagen |
| What does the group "craniates" include today? | |
| Define vertebrates | an animal that has a vertebral column |
| Define vertebral column | a column of serially arranged skeletal units (the vertebrae) that enclose the nerve cord in vertebrates; the backbone |
| What do hagfishes and lampreys lack? | |
| What are the major characteristics of hagfishes? | |
| What is the purpose of a vertebral column? | |
| How is a vertebral column an advantage? | |
| What are the major group of vertebrates? | |
| What are the major characteristics of a lamprey? | |
| What species do cartilaginous fishes include? | |
| Where is the most diversity of vertebrates found? | |
| Why is it said that amphibians lead a "double life"? | |
| Why must amphibians remain close to the water? Name two reasons. | |
| What are the two species that are the most diverse groups of amphibians? | |
| What is the differnce between frogs and toads? | |
| What are the characteristics of a salamander? | |
| What is a special quality of salamanders? | |
| What are the Caecilians? | |
| What does the group reptile include? | |
| What are the three adaptations of reptiles to be on land? | |
| Define amniotic egg. | the egg of reptiles, including birds; contains a membrane, the amnion, that surrounds the embryo, enclosing it in a watery environment and allowing the egg to be laid on dry land |
| Define Amnion | one of the embryonic membranes of reptiles (including birds) and mammals; encloses a fluid-filled cavity that envelops the embryo |
| What characteristics make alligators and crocodiles adapted for life in water? | |
| What protects turtles fom predators and the environment? | |
| What is evidence of birds sharing ancestry with reptiles? | |
| What adaptations give birds the ability to fly? | |
| Define mammary glands. | a milk-producing gland used by female mammals to nourish their young |
| What are mammals named for? | |
| What are the advantages of a highly developed brain? | |
| What are the three main evolutionary lineages? | |
| Define monotremes. | a member of the clade Monotrematata, which includes mammals that lay eggs; platypuses and spiny anteaters are monotremes |
| What are the two species of monotremes? | |
| What is the only group of mammals that does not develop embryos? | |
| Define placenta. | in mammals, a structure formed by a complex interweaving of the uterine lining and the embryonic membranes, especially the chorion |
| Define marsupials. | a clade which includes mammals whose young are born at an extremely immature stage and undergo further development in a pouch where they remain attached to a mammary gland; kangaroos, oppossums, and marsupials |
| Define placental. | reffering to a mammal possessing a complex placenta (not marsupials or monotremes) |
| What is the largest group of placental mammals? | |
| In what stage does a tunicate move? | |
| What adaptations are an advantage for vertebrates? | |
| What groups have two-chambered hearts? Four-chambered hearts? |
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