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7thgradebiotest8

Genetics

QuestionAnswer
heredity The passing of genes from parents to offspring.
genetics The scientific study of heredity.
trait A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.
offspring An organism's children.
gametes Sex cells; sperm and egg
allele The different forms of a gene.
dominant allele An allele whose trait always shows up when the allele is present.
recessive allele An allele that is masked when the dominant allele is present.
chromosome A doubled rod of condensed chromatin; contains DNA that carries genetic information.
DNA Deoxiribonucleic acid; the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring.
gene The set of information that controls a trait; a segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait.
XX The genotype for a girl.
XY The genotype for a boy.
genotype An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.
phenotype An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
heterozygous Having two different alleles for a trait.
homozygous Having two identical traits for a traits.
meiosis The process that occurs in the formation of sex cells by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half.
mitosis The stage of the cell cycle during which the cell's nucleus divides into two new nuclei and one copy of the DNA is distributed into each daughter cell.
genome All of the DNA in an organism.
good mutations They increase an organism's chance for survival.
bad mutations They reduce an organism's chance for survival.
indifferent mutations They neither hurt nor help an organism's chance for survival.
biodiversity The number of different species in an area.
bioethics The ethics of medical and biological research.
simple Punett squares A chart showing all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross of a trait.
polygenic traits Trait controlled by multiple genes instead of one. They result in many different phenotypes.
sex-linked gene A gene carried on the X or Y chromosome.
methyl tags carbon and hydrogen molecules that attach directly to the DNA, they get flipped on and off from changes in diet, stress, and other environmental factors.
histones Any of several small, basic proteins most commonly found in association with the DNA in the chromatin of eukaryotes
Gregor Mendel Monk who worked with pea plants experimenting with simple genetics in the mid 1800s. He is known as "Father of Genetics" today.
Reginald Punett Creator of Punett squares and a British geneticist who co-founded, with William Bateson, the Journal of Genetics in 1910.
James Watson and Francis Crick Worked on understanding the DNA structure. They were close in there theories, but not quite right.
Rosalind Franklin Worked on understanding the DNA structure, she took x-rays of DNA. She was essential to understanding the structure of DNA.
What happened in 1953? The DNA structure was understood.
What happened in 2003? The first draft of the sequenced human genome was completed.
central dogma of molecular biology DNA, blueprint, to messenger RNA, written, to protein, produced
probability A number showing how likely it is for an event to occur.
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