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Anatomy and Physiol
bio 115 terms
| Questions | Answer |
|---|---|
| Organic compounds | - always contain both carbon and hydrogen - usually also contain oxygen - carbon molecules contain the "backbone" of organic compounds |
| Inorganic compounds | - may contain either carbon or hydrogen in same molecule, but NOT both (bicarbonates are exception) |
| Water | composes 2/3 of body weight - has ph of 7 = neutral - is excellent solvent and dissolves many substances (solutes) espec, ionic compounds - serves as lubricant |
| ICF - Intracellular Fluid | water within cells about 65% of total body water |
| ECF - Extracellular fluid | all water not in cells - about 35% of total body water |
| Tissue fluid | Interstitial fluid water in tiny spaces between cells |
| plasma | fluid portion of blood |
| lymph | fluid in lymphatic vessels |
| specialized fluids | water in more limited locations, such as serous fluid(fluid secreted by membranes lining the ventral body cavity) |
| serous fluid | fluid secreted by membranes lining the ventral body cavity |
| acid | -solutions with ph less than 7; -increases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentrationof a solution by dissociating to release (H+) HCL -> H+ + Cl- |
| base | -soltuions with ph greater than 7 -decreases concentration of H= in a solution by combining with the H+ |
| base , p2 | Some bases combine directly with H+ NaOH -> Na+ + OH- Other bases (eg. sodium hydroxide - NaOH, dissociate to release hydroxide ions (OH-) which combines with H+ to form water H+ + OH- |
| symbol ph | measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution |
| ph : acid -base balance | relative concentration of hydrogen H+ and hydroxide OH- in a solution |
| ph scale | 0 - 14 |
| buffer | chemical or comb of chemicals that either picks up excess H+ or releases H+ to keep the ph of a solution rather constant - important in maintaining normal ph of body fluids |
| normal ph of blood | 7.35-7.45 |
| acidosis | ph is less than 7.35 -pt feels tired and disoriented extremes may be fatal |
| alkalosis | ph is greater than 7.45 - pt feels agitated, dizzy, extremes may be fatal |
| inorganic salts | most import ones in body: sodium, potassium, calcium -prov. ions essential for normal body funct: blood clotting, muscle and nerve funct, ph water balance |
| inorganic salts (def) | ionic compounds that dissociate in an aqueous solution, but they do not prod H+ and OH- (hydrogen and hydroxide ions) |
| Majory Organic compounds of body | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids (also adenosisne triphosphate- vital role in transfer of energy w/i cells) |
| carbohydrates | formed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen -building units - monosaccharides - simple sugars eg. glucose, starch, glycogen |
| glucose | primary energy source for cells |
| glycogen | storage form of carbohydrates in body, some excess glucose in blood converted into glycogen and stored in liver |
| hydrogenation | process of adding hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fats, also changes boding patter of some fatty acids to form trans fats----> inc risk coron artery dis |
| saturated fats | animal fats |
| unsaturated fats | plant fat |
| proteins | large, complex molecules, compsed of smaller molecules called amino acids |
| amino acids | 20 kinds, each composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen - chain of 50 - thousands of amino acids forms a protein amine (-NH2) and acid (-COOH) |
| peptide bonds | join amino acids |
| enzyme | catlyzes chemical reactions; w/o enzymes body's chemical reactions would occur too slow to maintain life |
| nucleic acids | 2 types in cells: DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid RNA - ribonucleid acid |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid - composes hereditary portion of chromosomes in cell nucleus, contains the genetic code |
| RNA | Ribonucleic acid - carries the coded instructions from DNA to cellular machinary involved in protein synthesis |
| nucleotide | - make up DNA and RNA - each consits of 3 parts: 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, organic base |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate energy in these bonds is released to power chem rxn w/i a cell ATP prov. immed energy to keep cellular processes operating the only molecule that performs this role |
| atom | smallest unit of an element |
| chemical element | subst. cannot be broken down into simpler subst. by chemical means |
| decomposistion reaction | breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules |
| isotope | an atom of an element having same number of protons and electons but a different number of neutrons than most atoms of the element |
| molecule | smallest unit of a compound; composed of 2 or more atoms chemically combined |
| synthesis reaction | formation of a molecule by combining atoms or simpler molecules |
| matter | anything that has weight and occupies space |
| atomic number | number of protons and electrons in each atom |
| atomic weight | sum of number of protons and neutrons in each atom |
| radioisotopes | have unstab le nucleus, emit high energy radiation as it breaks down to form more stable nucleus; some used in dx and tx of cancer |
| valence shell | outermost shell of electrons in chemical bond |
| chemical bond | join atoms together to forma molecule |
| ionic bond | force of attraction that holds ions together - alwyas are formed between ions of opposite electrical charges |
| electrolytes | substance that ionizes (dissociates) when dissolves in water -called electrolyte because when dissolved they can conduct an electrical current |
| covalent bond | atoms that form molecules by sharing electrons are joined by covalent bonds; |
| hydrogen bond (def) | weak attractive force between a slightly os hydrogen atom and a slightly neg oxygen or nitrogen atom at a different site w/i the same molecule or ina different molecule |
| hydrogen bond (contd) | does not form molecules - occurs within or between some molecules formed by covalent bonding because of the unequal distrib of electrons w/i the molecules |
| 3 types chemical reactions | synthesis reaction decomposition reaction exchange reaction |
| synthesis reaction | form new chemical bonds and new products, and energy is required for the rxn to occur A + B -> AB |
| decomposition reaction | reverse of synthesis; chemical bonds of a complex molecule are broken to form 2 or more simpler molecules, releasing energy in the process AB -> A + B |
| exchange reaction | when 2 different reactants exchange components, resulting in the breadkown of the reactands and formation of 2 new products, - involve both decompositon of reactants and synthesis of new products AB + CD -> AD + CB |
| visceral fluid | around organ |
| parietal membranes | line cavities, a serous membrane |
| visceral membranes | surround organs, a serous membrane |
| serous membrane | secrete serous fluid, reduces friction |
| pericardium | membrane around the heard |
| pleura | membrane around the lungs |
| peritoneum | membrane around the abdomen |
| 5 levels of organization in human body | chemical, cellular,tissue, organ, organ system, organisms |
| chemical level of organization | simplest level, consists of atoms and molecules |
| cellular level | cells are the basic structural and functional unit, contain organelles |
| tissue level | group of similar cells that perform similar funct, several diff types |
| organ level | different tissues together working to perform one or more special functcions |
| organ system | all of the organs necessary for system to work |
| organisms | total of all organ systems |
| chemical level, what contains | atom -> molecule->macromolecule-> organelle-> |
| organelle | microscopic subunit of a cell, like a tiny organ, carries out specific funct w/i a cell |
| anterior | toward front |
| posterior | toward ack |
| superior | toward head |
| inferior | away from head |
| superficial | toward outside of body or periphery of body |
| deep | within, internal |
| central | near center of body or organ |
| peripheral | away from center of body or organ, toward the body surface |
| proximal | part of extremity nearest point of attachment to body, this term refers only to limbs |
| distal | part of extremity farthest from point of attachment, this term refers only to limbs |
| external | superficial, toward or on body surface |
| internal | deep, away from body surface |
| parietal | pertaining to outer boundary of body cavities |
| visceral | pertainaing to internal organs |
| transverse plane | divides body --superior(top) and inferior (bottom), the only horiz plan |
| sagittal | divides body into right and left |
| medial/midsagittal | passes thru midline of body, divides into equal right and left halves |
| frontal (coronal) | divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) |
| dorsal cavity | includes cranial cavity with brain, and vertebral canal; has 2 layers of protective membranes - meninges |
| ventral cavity | throacic cavity, diaphram, abdominopelvic cavity, serous membranes line the cavity and surfaces of the contained internal organs, secrete watery lubricating fluid |
| thoracic cavity | w/i ventral cavity, contains lungs, heart (pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, mediastinum) |
| abdominopelvic cavity | abdominal and pelvic cavities; abdominal contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys; pelvic cav contains urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, rectum, internal reproductive organs |
| mediastinum | membrane separates right and left thoracic cavity |
| 4 abdominal quadrants | RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ --- right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper quadrant;, left lower quadrant |
| 9 abdomino pelvic regions | (middle 3) epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric; right hypochondriac, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, left lumbar, right iliac, left iliac |
| 5 basic survival needs | water, food, oxygen, body temperature, atmospheric pressure |
| homeostasis (def) | maintenance of relatively stable internal environment by self-regulating physiological processes |
| homeostasis - relationship to body functions | keeps body temp and composition of blood and interstial fluid w/i rather narrow limits, is maintained and most physical systems regualted by negative feedback system |
| negative feedback | 3 components: sensor- detects deviation from the norm and informs the control center, control center activates an effector, effector returns the internal environment to the norm |
| anatomy | study of the structure and organization of the body and the study of the relationships of body parts to one another; body parts |
| physiology | study of the function of the body and its parts |
| parietal pleurae | line the walls of the left and right portions of the thoracic cavity |
| visceral pleurae | line the outer surfaces of the lungs |
| pericardium | membrane surrounding the heart; visceral pericardium lines the surface of the heart, parietal pericardium - thicker double layered membrane forms a sac around the heart |
| parietal peritoneum | lines the walls of the abdominal cavity, but not the pelvic cavity |
| visceral peritoneum | lines the surface of the abdominal organs |
| integumentary system | skin, hair, nails, assoc glands; funct- protection, body temperature, sensations |
| skeletal system | bones and joints; function - support and movement |
| muscular system | 3 kinds: 1. smooth- not under our control, in gut, pupils of eye, 2. cardiac - only in heart, 3. skeletal - we have control over; function of muscular sys: movement, posture, temperature |
| nervous system | brain, spinal cord, nerves: function- communication, integration, control |
| endocrine system | ductless glands (produce hormones to communic w/body, pituitary gland - under brain, controls all other glands; funct of endocrine sys- regulation, longer term control |
| cardiovascular system | heart, blood vessels, (is closed circuit- blood out around body and back); function - transportation, temperature regulation, immunity |
| lymphatic system | nodes, vessels, thymus, spleen; a 1 way system, lymph vessel carries lymph, takes excess blood out of blood stream and put back in tissues; function - fluid transport, immunity |
| respiratory system | nose, pharynx (throat) , larynx (contains vocal cords); trachea, bronchi, and lungs; function of resp sys- gas exchange (Oxygen and carbon dioxide) and acid-base balance |
| digestive system | mouth pharynx, esophagus; stomach, intestines, rectum; liver, gallbladder, pancreas; funct: breakdown food, nutrient absorption, solid waste removal |
| digestive system - contd summary | 1 continuous tube 27-30 ft long mouth to anus,(note: mouth and pharnyx also part of resp. sys)liver, gallbladd,pancreas are accessory |
| urinary system | kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra; function - nitrogenous waste removal, acid-base balance, water balance |
| reproductive system | female -ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina; male- testes, ducts, prostate, penis, scrotum; function: produce hormones, produce babies |
| cavity membranes | each cavity has double layer membrane, like gel pad lining - front and back; parietal layer - outside and visceral layer on top of organ |
| thymus - significance to organ systems | part of immune sys, and part of endocrine sys, an endocrine gland located in the mediastinum above the heart |
| atomic number | number of protons in the nucleus (which is also same as the number of electrons) |
| atomic weight | number of protons plus neutrons; electrons have no weight |
| when is atom most stable | atom most stable when has either has outermost shell complely filled or has no electrons in it at all |
| compound (molecule) | Particle formed when two or more atoms of different elements chemically combine Na-Cl = NaCl |
| energy shells | orbitals where electrons are found/move within/around an atom; lower shell(closest to nucleus) filled first |
| energy shells rules for filling order | for atoms with atomic numbers of 18 or less, the following rules apply: the first shell can hold up to 2 electrons the second shell can hold up to 8 electrons the third shell can hold up to 8 electrons |
| chemical bond | formed when electrons are either: Donated / Received or Shared; 2 types - covalent and ionic |
| covalent bond | chemical bond formed when electrons are shared; when breaks do not form ions |
| ionic bond | chemical bond formed when electrons are donated or received; an attraction between positive and negative ions; when breaks form ions, charged particles |
| hydrogen bond | Weak attractive force between a positively charged hydrogen atom and a negatively charged atom in the same or different molecule; H becomes slightly positive, while the other atom becomes slightly negative |
| ion | Atom that has gained (received) or lost (donated) an electron(s); electrically charged positive (+) or negative (-); Atoms form ions to become stable |
| structural formulas | show how atoms bond and are arranged in various molecules |
| inorganic molecules | Generally do not contain both C and H Usually smaller than organic molecules ; Examples: water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and inorganic salts |
| organic molecules | always contain carbon and hydrogen; 4 categories: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids |
| most common inorganic molecules | water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, inorganic salts; water - 2/3 weight of human body, oxygen used by organelles to release energy-ATP; CO2- waste prod released during metabolic rxns; inorganic salts - abundant in body fluids+involved in many metab proc |
| electrolytes | Substances that release ions in water; Example: Table Salt → Sodium and Chlorine ions; NaCl → Na+ + Cl - |
| acids | Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water; Example: Stomach acid (HCl) HCl → H + + Cl – |
| bases | Substances that release ions that can combine with hydrogen ions; Example: Intestinal secretions, Bleach............. NaOH → Na+ + OH |
| salts | Electrolytes formed by the reaction between an acid and a base; HCl + NaOH → H2O + NaCl |
| ph | Measure of the H+ concentration in a solution |
| ph scale | Measurement of acidity (H+ concentration) of a solution;Ranges from 0 (highly acidic) to 14 (highly alkaline/basic) |
| acidic | pH less than 7; greater concentration of H+ |
| alkaline (base) | pH greater than 7; greater concentration of OH- |
| neutral ph | ph 7; equal concentrations of H+ and OH- (water is neutral) |
| buffers | Chemical(s) that can either pick up or release H+ to keep a solution’s pH constant; Maintain normal pH of body fluids; Needed because slight pH changes can be harmful to body cells |
| nucleic acids | constitute the genetic material of the cell Play an essential role in protein synthesis 2 types: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – double stranded; RNA (ribonucleic acid) – single strand; Building blocks of nucleic acids = nucleotides |
| ATP | the energy currency of the cell; only molecule to provide immediate energy to power cellular processes; Temporarily stores energy extracted from nutrients by cells; |
| ATP energy process | Energy produced by breaking high energy phosphate bonds and stored by forming high energy phosphate bonds |
| carbohydrates | (aka-saccharides)Provide energy to cells; Supply materials to build cell structures;Contain C, H, and O |
| lipids | 3 types:Fats (triglycerides), Phospholipids, steroids and sterols |
| proteins | funct:structural materials, receptors, antibodies, enzymes,amino acids |
| anticodon | group of 3 nucleotides of a transfer RNA molecule that pairs with a codon of a messenger RNA molecule |
| codon | 3 nucleotides of messenger RNA that code for a specific amino acid and that are complementary to both the 3 nucleotides of DNA and an anticodon of transfer RNA |
| anion | neg charged atom |
| cation | pos charged atom |
| Components of the plasma membrane | Phospholipids, Carbohydrates, Protiens |
| Plasma membrane | selectively permeable - Allows only certain molecules to enter or exit the cell |
| What can pass through is determined by | Molecular size Solubility Ionic charges Attachment to carrier molecules |
| Plasma membrane | a phospholipid bilayer with attached or embedded proteins. Polar head and non-polar tails; |
| phospolipid head | Polar, hydrophyillic, water soluble; the phosphate end, |
| phospholipid tail | non-polar (no charge),hydrophobic; forms interior of plama membrane; allows lipid soluble substance to pass thru membrane but prevents water soluble substance from entering |
| function of cholesterol among phospholipids | increase stability of plama membrane |
| plasma membrane funct re cellular fluids | barrier between water-soluble substances in aqeueous(water) intracellular and extracellular fluids |
| selectively permeable membrane | allows only certain molecules to enter/exit cell, determ by: size - small get thru easily; solubility- lipid sol yes, water no; ionic charges -non charged get thru easily; Charged can’t get thru easily, need to be moved across w carrier cells, often pumps |
| Components of the plasma membrane | Phospholipids, Carbohydrates, Protiens; mostly phospholipids |
| cytoplasm | Fluid or gel-like substance that fills the interior of the cell; 75% to 90% water plus organic and inorganic molecules; transparent, thicker than water; Supported by Intracellular membranes and Cytoskeleton; site of many chem rxn |
| organelles | small membranous structures, each with a specific function |
| cytoplasmic organelles | Nucleus w/ Nucleolus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Ribosomes, Golgi, Lysosomes, Mitochondria, Cilia, Cytoskeleton, Centrioles |
| Nuclear envelope | Separates it from the cytoplasm; Has pores that aid in movement of materials |
| Chromosomes | most important struct w/i nucleus;Made of 46 total chromosomes per nucleus; 23 pairs; DNA contains instructions that control cell function; |
| nuclear envelope | separates nucleus from cytoplasm; double layered; contains many pores that aid in movement of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm |
| nuclear pore | aids movement of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm |
| nucleolus | consists of RNA and protein; center of nucleus; site of ribosome production |
| nucleus | largest organelle; contains chromosomes and nucleoli(nucleolus), surr by nuclear envelope |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | System of membranous channels and saccules |
| Rough ER | studded with ribosomes on the membrane; synthesizes proteins. |
| Smooth ER | no ribosomes on the membrane; synthesizes phospholipids, as well as various other functions. |
| Ribosomes | tiny granuales of RNA and protein; found alone in cytoplasm or attached to ER(endoplasmic reticulum); Function in protein synthesis; |
| Golgi Apparatus | Consists of a stack of saccules, along with vesicles. Receives protein and or lipid vesicles that bud from the ER; form lysosomes; sort and package substances in vesicles for export from cell or use w/i cell |
| Lysosomes | Membranous sacs that contain powerful hydrolytic (chem bond by adding water) digestive enzymes; formed by Golgi; clean up cellular environment |
| how do lysosomes clean up cellular environment | enzymes that digest: bacteria, cell parts that need replacement, worn out or damaged cells |
| cytoplasm | Formed of several types of filamentous structures that give the cell its shape and organelles the ability to move about the cell. |
| mitochondria | Double-membrane organelles involved in cellular respiration, release of energy from nutrients and Site of ATP production; "powerhouse of the cell" |
| vesicles | |
| secretory vesicles | transport substances to plasma membrane and release them outside cell |
| cytoskeleton | Formed of several types of filamentous structures that give the cell its shape and organelles the ability to move about the cell. microtubules and microfilaments |
| microfilaments | tiny rods of contractile protein that support cell and enable cell movement, |
| microtubules | long, thin protein tubules prov support for cell and involved in movement |
| cilia | Numerous, short hair-like projections containing microtubules; Move substances along cell surface |
| flagella | Long, whip-like projections containing microtubules; Enables movement of cells; Example: sperm |
| centrioles | Rod shaped structure that organizes the microtubules; Most evident during cell division; 2 short cylinders, near nuleus, at right angles to each other; 9 triplets arraneged in circular pattern |
| Active transport | Movement of substances through the plasma membrane requiring ATP as the cell assists in transport: Carrier proteins, Endocytosis Exocytosis |
| Passive transport | movement of substances thru plasma membrane without cell assistance – diffusion, osmosis, filtration |
| diffusion | method of passive transport; Net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; Occurs in gases and liquids due to constant, random motion of molecules; Occurs in both living and non-living systems |
| Osmosis | method of passive transport; Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane; Water moves from area of higher water concentration (lower solute concentration) to area of lower water concentration (higher solute concentration) |
| osmosis | Water always diffuses from a hypotonic solution into a hypertonic solution (ie. Water always moves from area of higher water concentration to area of lower water concentration) |
| Hypotonic solution | Has a lower concentration of solutes and higher concentration of water |
| Hypertonic solution | Has a higher concentration of solutes and lower concentration of water |
| Isotonic solution | Solutions have the same concentration of solutes and water |
| Solute | a substance dissolved in a solvent |
| Filtration | method of passive transport- Forces smaller molecules in a solution through a membrane due to greater hydrostatic pressure on one side; Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid against a wall or membrane |
| Hydrostatic pressure | the pressure exerted by a fluid against a wall or membrane |
| active transport | Requires the cell to use ATP (The energy currency of the cell0; Three basic mechanisms Carrier proteins, Endocytosis, Exocytosis |
| Active Transport - Carrier Proteins | Embedded in the plasma membrane with the ability to bind a certain type of molecule or ion; Use energy to change shape; Move the molecule/ion from one side of the membrane to the other; From an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration |
| Active Transport – Endocytosis and Exocytosis | Used for materials too large for carrier proteins |
| Endocytosis | engulfment of particles and liquid droplets Phagocytosis – small particles; Pinocytosis – small droplets of fluid |
| Exocytosis | substances are expelled from the cell |
| cell division | Two types of division occur in the body-meiosis and mitosis |
| Meiosis | Parent cell forms daughter cells with only half the number of chromosomes; Sex cells |
| Mitosis | Parent cell forms daughter cells with identical chromosomes to the parent; Growth and Repair |
| mitotic cell division | Produces new cells for growth and for replacement of worn or damaged cells; Involves three processes: Replication of chromosomes, Mitosis, Division of the cytoplasm |
| cell division - cell cycle | The time between cell divisions; Mitosis is only 5-10% of the cell cycle; Interphase is the time when mitosis is not occurring (growth and DNA synthesis occur here) |
| Cell Division - Interphase | growth and replication of chromosomes and centrioles; DNA strands “unzip” forming 2 strands of DNA; New nucleotides join existing strands thru complimentary base pairing; When completed, q new DNA molecule consists of “old” strand joined to “new” strand |
| Mitosis takes place in 4 phases | prophase- Pro = before; Metaphase – Meet; Anaphase – Apart; Telophase - Two |
| Mitosis –Prophase | Pro = before; Chromosomes condense and become rod-shaped; q chromosome consists of 2 chromatids joined at their centromeres; Nuclear envelope disappears;Centrioles migrate to opposite ends of the cell and form the mitotic spindle |
| Mitosis – Metaphase | met-meet; Chromosomes line up at the equator of the spindle; Centromeres of each chromatid pair are attached to the spindle |
| Mitosis – Anaphase | a-Apart; Separation of the centromeres separates the paired chromatids; Then the members of each pair migrate to opposite sides of the cell |
| Mitosis – Telophase | t= two; Spindle fibers disappear and nuclear envelops reform, establishing two new nuclei Chromosomes uncoil; Cytokinesis, or division of the cytoplasm, occurs |
| Cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm, occurs |
| cellular respiration | proc that breaks down nutrients to release energy held in their chem bonds and transfers some of the energy into high-energy phosphate bonds of ATP; about 40% of energy in nutrient molecule is captured and rest list as heat energy; |
| nutrients in cellular respiration | most common nutrient is Glucose; building units of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids may be used, glucose most common |
| cellular respiration processes | anaerobic and aerobic; |
| anaerobic respiration | does not require oxygen; occurs in the cytoplasm; yeilds 2 ATP;breaks down a 6-carbon glucose molecule into 2 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules to yield a net of 2 ATP molecules |
| syntesis of ATP | requires energy, ADP (adenosine diphosphate), and low-energy phosphate group (-P) |
| aerobic respiration | 2nd portion of cellular respiration; requires oxygen; occurs only w/i mitochonria; is essential for human life; yeilds 34 ATP; breaks down 2 pyruvic acid molecules prod by anaerobic resp into CO2 and water and yields a net of 34 ATP molecules |
| protein synthesis-2 processes | transcription and translation |
| transcription | part of 2 step proc of protein synthesis; occurs in the nucleus;sequence of bases in DNA determ the sequence of bases in messenger RNA due to complimentary base pairing; transfers encoded info of DNA into the sequence of bases in RNA |
| codon | a triplet of bases in mRNA (messenger RNA) |
| mRNA -messenger RNA | carries genetic info from DNA into the cytoplasm to the ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis; this info is carried by the sequence of bases in mRNA, which is complementary to the sequence of bases in the DNA template |
| ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | with protein compose ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis; robosomes contain the enzymes req for protein synthesis |
| transfer RNA (tRNA) | |
| translation | part of 2 stepproc of protein synthesis; takes place in the cytoplasm; encoded info in mRNA is used to prod a specific sequence of amino acids to form the protien; |
| protein synthesis - transcription and translation formula summarized | DNA ------> mRNA ------> Protein |
| protein synthesis | involves interaction of DNA, mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA |
| DNA-------> mRNA------> protein | sequence of bases in RNA determines the sequence of codons in mRNA, which in turn determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein |
Created by:
MBuzzelli
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