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Microbiology 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| prokaryotes include | bacteria and archaea |
| bacteria examples include | cyanobacteria, heterotrophic bacteria |
| archaea exammples include | halophiles and thermophiles |
| pathogens include | bacteria and eukaryota |
| ukaryotes include | basal protists, flagellates, fungi, rhodophytes, alveolates,chromists, plants and animals |
| prokaryotes have a...with... | primitive nucleus...no nuclear membrane |
| archaea (which is a..) is similar to...and lives in...such as... | domain...bacteria...harsh environments...hot springs, salt lakes, soils and marshlands |
| archaea are particularly numerous in the | oceans |
| there are no known | pathogens in archaea |
| bacteria (which is a...) do include... | domain...pathogens |
| eukaryotes (which is a...) have a...with... | domain...true nucleus...nuclear membrane |
| eukaryotes are things like...which can include... | humans, spiders, flies, plants, molds, yeasts and parasites...pathogens |
| bacteria and archaea evolved...and are... | 3-4 billion years ago...unicellular |
| eukaryote: protista evolved...and are... | 1.5 bil years ago...unicellular |
| eukaryote: fungi evolved...and are... | 1 bil years ago...multi or unicellular |
| eukaryote: animalia evolved...and are... | 700 mil years ago...multicellular |
| eukaryote: plantae evolved...and are... | 500 mil years ago...multicellular |
| ribosomes do...and are they present or not in pro/eu? | protein synthesis...present in both |
| cytoskeleton creates the...and provides... | shape in prokaryotes...support, cytoplasmic streaming and endocytosis in eukaryotes |
| cytoskeleton is present in some...and in all... | prokaryotes...eukaryotes |
| centrioles appear to play a role in...and...and... | mitosis...cytokinesis...flagella and cilia formation in animal cells |
| centrioles are...in prokaryotes and... | absent in all....present in animal eukaryots |
| membranous organelles are | absent in all prokaryotes |
| nucleus is the...of the cell and is...in eukaryotes | control center...present in all |
| ER does...and is...in eukaryotes | transportation and lipid synthesis...present in all |
| golgi bodies do...and are... eukaryotes | exocytosis and secretion...present in some |
| lysosomes do two things...and are...eukaryotes | breakdown of nutrients, self-destruction of damaged or aged cells...present in some |
| peroxisomes do...and are...eukaryotes | neutralization of toxins...present in some |
| vacuoles do...and are...eukaryotes | storage...present in some |
| vesicles do...and are... | transport, digestion and storage...present in all eukaryotes |
| mitochondria do..and are... | aerobic ATP production...present in most eukaryotes |
| chloroplasts do...and are present in... | photosynthesis...eukaryotic plants, algae and some protozoa |
| prokaryotes have only | one copy of DNA (haploid) |
| the most important organelle for differentiating between eukaryote and prokaryotes is the | nucleus |
| all eukaryotes have a nucleus except for | rbcs |
| eukaryotes have organelles for...but prokaryotes... | specific functions...have no organelles |
| components of eukaryotic cells whicch would not be considered organelles include | microtubules/filaments and chromosomes |
| microtubules and microfilaments make up the...and perform | cytoskeleton structure...movement by forming pseudopoda |
| chromosomes are...and do... | organized...packaging of DNA involving histone proteins |
| prokaryotic cells range from...and eukaryotic cells range from... | .2-2micrometers...10-100 |
| prokaryotic flagella consist of | two protein building blocks |
| eukaryotic flagella are...and consist of.. | complex...multiple microtubules |
| prokaryotic glycocalyx are...and... | present...are a capsule or slime layer |
| eukaryotic glycocalx is..that lack... | present in some cells...a cell wall |
| prokaryotic plasma membrane contains no..and generally lacks... | carbohydrates...sterols |
| the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell has...present | sterols and carbohydrates that serve as receptors |
| prokaryotic cytoplasm has | no cytoskeleton or cytoplasmic steraming |
| eukaryotic cytoplasm has | cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic streaming |
| ribosomes of prokaryotic cells are | smaller in size (70s) compared to eukaryotic (80s) |
| prokaryotes go through...for cell division | binary fission |
| eukaryotic cells go through...for cell division | mitosis |
| prokaryotes have | single circular chromosome that lacks histones |
| eukaryotes have | multip[le linear chromosomes, with histone arrangement |
| prokaryotes and sexual reproduction | no meiosis, transfer of DNA fragments only |
| eukaryotes and sexual reproduction | involves meiosis |
| cilia are only in...and the motion is in... | eukaryotes...one plane(beating |
| flagella are in...but they have... | both pro and eu...different structures |
| flagella motion is...or... | rotational in pro...undulation in eukaryotes |
| flagella are used for...and direction is determined by... | locomotion...phototaxis or chemotaxis |
| phototaxis means | moving toward light |
| chemotaxis means | moving toward chemical attractant |
| eukaryotic flagella are | internal, entirely surrounded by cytoplasmic membrane |
| eukaryotic flagella are only found on...and their action is.. | one pole of cell...rhythmic undulation which pushes or pulls the cell |
| prokaryotic flagella are...and several... | imbedded in cell envelope...configurations existt |
| prokaryotic flagella action is | rotational, cells move by "run and tumble" |
| a run is when...and tumble is when.. | flagella propel prokaryote in a CCW direction..it spins in a CW direction |
| prokaryotic flagella have 4 configurations | monotrichous, lophotrichous (polar), amphitrichous (bipolar) and peritrichous |
| eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella function... | differently in their mechanism of propulsion |
| eukaryotic flagella | whip back and forth (undulate) |
| prokaryotic flagella...and involves the process of... | rotate...chemotaxis |
| flagellin contaqin many copies of | a single protein that make up the filament |
| flagellin also contain a...that is a.. | basal body...protein |
| the prokaryotic flagellin penetrates through the...where it is anchored by the... | cell wall and plasma membrane...basal boedy |
| just outside the cell is the...and then the... | hook...filament (made of protein that is specific to that type of cell so you can stereotype them) |
| bacterial spirochetes have | axial fibrils in a sheath called axial filaments |
| bacterial spirochetes are | helical/spiral-shaped bacteria |
| bacterial spirochetes move by...which allows it to... | corkscrewing..burrow into cells |
| eukaryotic flagella and cilia do not...and their action is ina... | pierce the cell membrane...beating fashion (not rotary as in prokaryotes) |
| cilia are...present only on... | short hair like structures...eukaryotes |
| cilia extend from | cell and provide locomotion |
| functions of cilia include | locomotion in unicellular organisms and prevention of lung damage in resp tract by pushing out microbes/debris |
| motile wbcs move by use of... | pseudopoda |
| wbcs are motile but they..by means of the... | crawl...microfilaments and microtubules forming the pseudopods |
| pseudopods help perform | phagocytosis |
| the ribosomes are a | key difference between pro and eukaryotes (think size) |
| 70s vs 80s: s is the | sedimentation factor (70 for pro, 80 for euk) |
| ribosomal RNA and many proteins differ in | structure and between eukaryotes and prokaryotes |
| differing ribosomal RNA is very imp when it comes to | treatment of bacterial diseases by targeting something that is different from oour cells |
| prokaryotic cell wall is...and... | usually present...chemically complex (typical bacterial cell wall includes peptidoglycan) |
| eukaryotic cell wall, when present is... | chemically simple |
| cytosol and inclusions are present in | all pro and euk |
| endospores are present in...and... | some pros and absent in all euks |
| bacterial morphology/shapes include | bacillus (oval), coccus (round), and spirillum (spiral) |
| bacillus example | bacillus anthracis (anthrax) |
| coccus example | staphylococcus aureus or MRSA infection |
| spirochete example | treponema pallidum or syphillis |
| aggregations of cocci can either be | streptococci (chain), diplococci (pair) or staphylococci (clump) |
| streptococci example | streptococcus pyrogenes |
| diplococci (stop at one cell division) example | neisseria gonorrhea |
| staphylococci example | staphylococcus aureus |
| cytosol is also called...and is... | cytoplasmic matrix...liquid found inside cells which is complex mixture of substances dissolved in water |
| in prokayrotes, most...take place in the cytosol | chemical reactions of metabolism |
| cell membrane/cytoplasmic membrane/plasma membrane: like all biological membranes, the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane is composed of | phospholipid and protein molecules |
| the phospholipid has a...and a... | hydrophobic part...hydrophilic part |
| prokaryotic membranes | lack sterols |
| bacterial cytoplasmic membrane does | diffusion, active transport, energy production and motility |
| diffusion can either be | passive or facilitated diffsuion through a channel protein |
| energy production involves the | electron transport system for bacteria with aerobic and anaerobic respiration (mitochondria) |
| bacterial cytoplasmic membrane does motility and involves | the bases of bacterial flagella residing within cell membrane |
| diffusion happens through the | phospholipid bilayer |
| facilitated diffusion happens through a | nonspecific channel protein |
| facilitated diffusion through a...leads to...which leads to... | permease specific for one chemical...binding of substrate...shape change in channel protein |
| osmosis is the...through a.. | diffusion of water...specific channel protein or through the phospholipid bilayer |
| example of active transport would be | generation of ap roton gradient across membrane for energy production |
| active transport uses...and the same principle can be used to pump... | atp...antibiotic drugs out in some mechanisms of drug resistance |
| 2 major categories based on gram stain | gram positive or negative depending on structure of cell wall |
| pili are also called...and they do not do... | fimbriae...movement |
| pili are | hair like structures protruding from the cell envelope |
| type 1 fimbriae aare...and are used to...which is a... | fuzzy..attach to target tissues...virulence factor |
| virulence factors allow | organism to colonize and become pathogenic |
| type 2 fimbriae are also called...and are present in... | sex pilus...only gram negative bacteria |
| type 2 fimbriae are used for | genetic exchange |
| type 2 fimbriae inject | plasmin w/ extra dna to new bacterium |
| a capsule is a | discrete mucoid layer of polysaccharides deposited outside the cell wall of bacteria |
| sometimes bacterial cells are embedded more...in a...called a.. | randomly...polysaccharide matrix...slime layer or biofilm |
| capsules have several functions including | mediating adherence of cells to surfaces (biofilm - dental plaque)and they protect bacterial cells from engulfment by white blood cells (phagocytosis) |
| many pathogenic bacteria are | encapsulated in the slime layer which is a virulence factor |
| an example of biofilm construction in nature is the formation of...mediated by the... | dental plaque...oral bacterium streptococcus mutans |
| bacteria adhere specifically to the... | pellicle of the tooth by means of a protein on the cell surface |
| the bacteria are able to...into.. | cleave sucrose (provided by diet)...glucose plus fructose |
| fructose is...as an... | fermented...energy source for bacterial growth |
| glucose is...into an...that binds the... | polymerized..extracellular dextran polymer...bacteria to the enamel and forms a biofilm some 300-500 cells in thickness |
| biofilm cements the | bacteria to the tooth enamel and becomes the matrix of dental plaque |
| the dextran slime can be...for use as a... | depolymerized to glucose...carbon source |
| depolymeriing dextran slime results in production of..within the biofilm that... | lactic acid...decalcifies the enamel and leads to dental caries or bacterial infection of the tooth |
Created by:
handrzej
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