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Ch.8
vocab
| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| bacteriophage | virus that infects bacteria |
| nucleotide | monomer that forms DNA and has a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base |
| double helix | model that compares the structure of a DNA molocule, in which 2 strands wind around one another, to that of a twisted ladder |
| base pairing rules | rule that describes how nucleotides form bonds in DNA; adenine(A) always bonds w/thymine(T) and guanine(G) always bonds w/cutosine (C) |
| replication | process by which DNA is copied |
| DNA polymerase | enzyme that maes bonds between nucleotides, forming an identical strand of DNA during replication |
| central dogma | theory that states that, in cells, info only flows from DNA to RNA to protiens |
| RNA | nucleic acid molocule that allows for the transission of genetic info and protien synthesis |
| transcription | process of copying a nucleotide sequence of DNA to form a complementary strand of mRNA |
| RNA polymerase | enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template |
| messenger RNA (mRNA) | form of RNA that carries genetic info from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protien synthesis |
| ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | RNA that is in the ribosome and guides the translation of mRNA into a protein; also ussed as a molecular clock |
| transfer RNA (tRNA) | form of RNA that brings amino acids to ribosomes during proteins synthesis |
| translation | process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced |
| codon | sequence of 3 nucleotides that codes for one amino acid |
| stop codon | condon that signals to ribosomes to stop translation |
| start codon | condon that signals to ribosomes to begin translation; codes for the 1st amino acid in a protein |
| anticodon | set of 3 nucleotides in a tRNA molocule that binds to a complementary mRNA condon during translation |
| promoter | section of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds, starting the transcription of mRNA |
| operon | section of DNA that contains all of the code to begin transcription, regulate transcription, and build a protein; includes a promotor, regulatory gene, and structural gene |
| exon | sequence of NDA that codes info for protein synthesis |
| intron | segment of a gene that does not code for an amino acid |
| mutation | change in the DNA sequence |
| point mutation | mutation that involves a substitution of only 1 nucleotide |
| frameshift mutation | mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence |
| mutagen | agent that can induce or increase the freq. of mutation in organisms |
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