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Fall 2016 EXAM: Bio
Biology '16 Final EXAM: 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, and 10/11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The white fur of a rabbit in winter is an example of a(n)... | Adaptation |
| Shivering in the cold is an example of a(n)... | Response |
| A testable explanation of a situation... | Hypothesis |
| The body has many mechanisms that it uses to maintain a balanced system, or in other words, maintain ___... | Homeostasis |
| Metric unit for volume... | Liter |
| The frog is 4 cm long... | Quantitative data |
| The frog is yellow with black spots... | Qualitative data |
| Study of living things and the environment... | Biology |
| Characteristic of life that enables the continuation of a species... | Reproduction |
| A measurement system based on the powers of ten which scientists use when conducting research/experimentation... | Metric system |
| A well-tested explanation that brings together many observations in science... | Theory |
| All living things share the ___... | Characteristics of life |
| Direct method of gathering information in an orderly way... | Observation |
| Exposed to the factor being tested... | Experimental group |
| Factor that remains fixed during an experiment while other factors may change... | Constant |
| Information gained from observation... | Data |
| Investigation of a hypothesis in a controlled setting... | Experiment |
| Living and nonliving things that surround an organism and with which it interacts... | Factors |
| Logo designed to alert people about a specific danger... | Safety symbols |
| Occurrence of accidental or unexpected but fortunate results... | Serendipity |
| Process of combining what you know and what you've learned to draw conclusions... | Inference |
| Science applied to matters of legal interest... | Forensics |
| Set of moral principles or values... | Ethics |
| Systematic approach to solving problems... | Scientific method |
| There are ___ characteristics of life... | Eight |
| The place in which an organism lives... | Habitat |
| The presence of interbreeding individuals in one place at a given time... | Population |
| A group of biological communities that interact with the physical environment... | Ecosystem |
| Converting nitrogen from a gas to a useable form, often by bacteria... | Nitrogen fixation |
| The movement of chemicals on a global scale from abiotic through biotic parts of the environment is a(n) ___ process... | Biogeochemical |
| Living factors... | Biotic |
| Nonliving factors... | Abiotic |
| An insect gathers pollen and nectar for food and, at the same time, pollinates the plant... | Mutualistic relationship |
| An organism's role within it's environment... | Niche |
| Heterotroph eating primarily meat... | Carnivore |
| Heterotroph eating a blend of meat/plants... | Omnivore |
| Organism capable of making it's own food... | Autotroph |
| Source of all energy on earth... | Sun |
| Where is the largest concentration of nitrogen found? | Atmosphere |
| Where is the largest concentration of water? | Oceans |
| The study of interactions among organisms... | Ecology |
| Act of one organism consuming another... | Predation |
| Allows a scientist to represent or simulate a process or system... | Model |
| Biological community and all of the abiotic factors that affect it... | Ecosystem |
| Close relationship that exists when two or more species live together... | Symbiotic |
| Group of interacting populations... | Biological community |
| Individual living thing... | Organism |
| Large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities... | Biome |
| Occurs when more than one organism uses a resource at the same time... | Competition |
| Portion of earth that supports life... | Biosphere |
| Part of all organic compounds which make up living things... | Carbon |
| Area of forest that experiences very little change in species composition (very rare)... | Climax community |
| Amount of oxygen in a fish tank is a ___ that affects the number of fish that can survive... | Limiting factor |
| Describes the events that take place on a hillside that has experienced a destructive landslide... | Secondary succession |
| Condition of the atmosphere at a specific place and time... | Weather |
| Estuaries and coral reefs are among the most diverse of all ___... | Ecosystems |
| Species that are the first to inhabit an area after everything, including the soil, has been removed/damaged... | Pioneer species |
| Large geographic areas with similar climax communities... | Biomes |
| Occurs in the US and once contained large herd animals... | Grassland |
| Contains the greatest species diversity of all land biomes... | Tropical rainforest |
| Where is the largest percentage of fresh water located? | Glaciers |
| In which area of the lake is there likely to be the greatest diversity of plankton? | Limnetic zone |
| All organisms living within a type of biome.... | Biological community |
| Grasses with a few trees intermixed... | Savanna |
| Lichen growing on cooled lava beds are an example of... | Primary succession |
| Approximate percentage of earth's freshwater contained in glaciers... | Sixty-nine |
| Floating aquatic plants would be characteristic in the ___ zone of Lake Eerie... | Littoral |
| Zone of the ocean that has proven to be the most difficult for marine biologists to explore... | Abyssal zone |
| Main difference between primary and secondary succession... | Presence of soil |
| Rate of evaporation is higher than precipitation... | Desert |
| Ability of any organism to survive when subjected to abiotic or biotic factors... | Tolerance |
| Distance of any point on the surface of earth N or S of the equator... | Latitude |
| Orderly and predictable change that takes place after a community of organisms has been removed but the soil has remained intact... | Secondary succession |
| Material that is deposited by water, wind or glaciers... | Sediment |
| Biomes are classified primarily according to the characteristics of their... | Plants |
| Deepest area of a large lake... | Profundal zone |
| Average weather conditions in a specific area... | Climate |
| Change in an ecosystem that happens when one community replaces another... | Ecological succession |
| Sunlight is able to penetrate this ocean zone... | Photic |
| The ___ are the upper and lower ends of an organisms range of tolerance for a specific factor... | Zones of physiological stress |
| Temperature and ___ are the two major abiotic factors affecting the distribution of biomes... | Precipitation |
| Grasses and scattered; receive less precipitation than other tropical areas... | Tropical savanna |
| Hot and wet; nutrient poor soils... | Tropical rainforest |
| Resemble temperate deciduous forests because during dry season, trees drop leaves to conserve water... | Tropical seasonal forest |
| Soggy summers, permafrost, cold and dark most of the year... | Tundra |
| Summers are short and moist, winters are long, cold and dry... | Boreal forest |
| Well-defined seasons, summers are hot and winters are cold; populated by broad-leafed deciduous trees... | Temperate forest |
| Basic unit of all living things... | Cell |
| Structure common to all cells; separating interior from exterior components... | Plasma membrane |
| Protein fiber network that supports the cell... | Cytoskeleton |
| Scientist who coined the term "cell"... | Hooke |
| Manufactures the ribosomal subunits... | Nucleolus |
| Process of the plasma membrane pumping excess sodium out of the cell into an environment where there is a lower concentration of sodium... | Diffusion |
| Organelle which produces proteins for the cell... | Free ribosomes |
| Organelle which is often large in plant cells and is used for storage... | Vacuole |
| Acts as a distribution center for cell proteins... | Golgi apparatus |
| Contains the cell's DNA... | Nucleus |
| Breaks down excess microtubules... | Lysosomes |
| Releases energy for the cell... | Mitochondria |
| Process of cell division... | Mitosis/meiosis |
| Produces protein for use outside the cell... | Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| Framework for the cell... | Cytoskeleton |
| Stores cells materials... | Vacuoles |
| Inflexible barrier that provides support and protects the plant cell... | Cell wall |
| Cells which have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles... | Eukaryotic cells |
| Are needed to move substances or waste materials through the plasma membrane... | Transport proteins |
| Component of the cell membrane that allows for fluidity and flexibility... | Cholesterol |
| Key property of the plasma membrane... | Selective permeability |
| Modern concept/model of the plasma membrane... | Fluid mosaic |
| One of the fundamental ideas of modern biology... | Cell theory |
| Have no membrane bound nucleus or organelles... | Prokaryotic cells |
| Two layers of lipids arranged tail to tail... | Phospholipid bilayer |
| Moves small molecules across the plasma membrane using transport proteins... | Facilitated diffusion |
| Involves water moving across the plasma membrane to the side with the greater solute concentration... | Osmosis |
| Occurs when substances move against the gradient; requiring energy... | Active transport |
| Occurs when plasma membrane surrounds a large substance inside the cell and moves it outside the cell... | Exocytosis |
| Condition that results when diffusion continues until the concentrations are the same in all areas... | Dynamic equilibrium |
| Occurs when the plasma membrane surrounds a large substance outside the cell and moves it inside the cell... | Endocytosis |
| Cannot be created nor destroyed, but rather exists and can change into a variety of forms... | Energy |
| Ability to do work... | Energy |
| Main source of chemical energy for all living things... | ATP |
| Breaking down of pyruvate occurs in the ___... | Citric acid cycle |
| Internal membrane of the chloroplast that is organized into flattened membranous sacs... | Thylakoids |
| Where in the cell does the Citric acid cycle occur? | Mitochondria |
| Formed during the light-independent phase of photosynthesis... | Glucose molecules |
| Anaerobic process that restores NAD supply... | Fermentation |
| Anabolic pathway in which light energy is converted into chemical energy... | Photosynthesis |
| Mechanism by which ATP is produced as a result of the flow of electrons down a concentration gradient... | Chemiosmosis |
| Study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe... | Thermodynamics |
| Where in the cell does photosynthesis takes place... | Chloroplast |
| Catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell... | Cellular respiration |
| Each step or level within a food web or chain... | Trophic level |
| All food webs or chains begin with... | Autotrophs |
| Final step of aerobic respiration when ATP is created... | Electron transport chain |
| Energy is conserved... | First law of thermodynamics |
| Sum of all chemical processes taking place in the body at one time... | Metabolism |
| Autotrophs that convert light energy into chemical energy... | Photoautotrophs |
| In ___, pyruvate is converted to lactate. | Lactic acid fermentation |
| What anaerobic process occurs after glycolysis... | Krebs cycle |
| Chemical bond within ATP which stores the most energy... | Phosphate bond |
| ___ are found in plants and used to absorb solar energy... | Pigments |
| Anabolic pathways are... | Synthesis reactions |
| Catabolic pathways are... | Decomposition reactions |
| Energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy... | 2nd law of thermodynamics |
| A cells grow, their ratio of surface area to volume ___ | Increases |
| Signal for the cell to divide... | Cyclins |
| Describes the activities of a cell that include cellular growth and cell division.. | Cell cycle |
| Contain multiple genetic changes... | Cancer cells |
| As the cell's volume increases, the proportional amount of surface area... | Increases |
| Starting with one cell that underwent six divisions, how many cells would result? | Sixty four |
| Programmed cell death... | Apoptosis |
| Unspecialized human cells... | Stem cells |
| Main stage in which the cell grows, carries out normal functions and duplicates its DNA | Interphase |
| Stage in which cells nuclear material divides and separates... | Mitosis |
| Division of the cytoplasm... | Cytokinesis |
| Substage in which the cell prepares for nuclear division and a protein that makes microtubules for cell division is synthesized... | G2 |
| Stage in which the cell divides into two daughter cells with identical nuclei... | Cytokinesis |
| Substage of interphase immediately after a cell divides... | G1 |
| Substage of interphase in which cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division... | S phase |
| Proteins which bind to enzymes to start various activities in the cell cycle... | Cyclins |
| Different ___ combinations control different activities at different stages in the cell cycle... | Cyclin/CDK |
| Uncontrolled growth and division of cells... | Cancer |
| Substances and agents that are known to cause cancer... | Carcinogens |
| Governmental agency which is in charge of ensuring the public that what they consume is safe... | FDA |
| Mechanism involving proteins and ___ control the cell cycle... | Enzymes |
| Stem cells which have not become specialized and can develop into a variety of different cells... | Embryonic |
| Stem cells which are found in various tissues in the body and might be used to maintain and repair the same kind of tissue in which they are found... | Adult stem cells |
| Chromosomes attach to spindle apparatus and align along cells equator... | Metaphase |
| Chromosomes begin moving to opposite poles... | Anaphase |
| Chromosomes condense... | Prophase |
| Chromosomes reach poles of cell... | Telophase |
| Means "without a nucleus" | Prokaryote |
| Bacterial enzymes convert nitrogen gas into compounds | Nitrogen fixation |
| Substances can leave the cell via a vesicle joining with the plasma membrane | Exocytosis |
| ___ have the exact same centromere position, gene location and size/shape. | Homologous chromosomes |
| An exception to Mendel's law of independent assortment | Gene linkage |
| The sex chromosomes determine ___ in humans. | Gender |
| Human blood types are examples of both ___ and multiple alleles. | Codominance |
| Sister chromatids do not separate, resulting in ___ | Nondisjunction |
| Found on the ends of chromosomes and protect the structure during replication and separation | Telomeres |
| Total number of chromosomes in the human body | Forty-six |
| Alternative form of a gene | Allele |
| Extra set(s) of chromosomes | Polyploidy |
| What is the phenotypic ratio in a cross of two hybrids? | 3:1 |
| What is the genotypic ratio in a cross of two hybrids? | 1:2:1 |
| Has two of the same alleles for a trait | Homozygous |
| Syndrome which results from an extra chromosome 21 | Down syndrome |
| White flowered plants cross with red flower plants to produce pink flowered plants is an example of... | Incomplete dominance |
| The coat coloring in labordors is an example of... | Epistasis |
| Coat pattern/coloring in rabbits is controlled by... | Multiple alleles |
| "n" | Haploid |
| "2n" | Diploid |
| Process which forms gametes | Meosis |
| Father of genetics | Gregor Mendel |
| Allele which can mask the effects of another | Dominant |
| Allele which typically is only expressed when there is no dominant present | Recessive |
| Can help to predict the offspring of a cross, developed by a geneticist, Sir. R. P | Punnett Square |
| Involves both crossing over and indep. assortment | Genetic recombination |
| Heterozygous for a recessive trait | Carrier |
| Diagram which illustrates the inheritance pattern between parents and offspring | Pedigree |
| Genes found on the X and Y are associated with... | Sex-linked traits |
| Micrographc of stained chromosomes | Karyotype |
| Both our genes and the ___ influence and organism's phenotype. | Environment |
| Characteristics that have more than one pair of possible genotypes. | Polygenic traits |
| Absence of a gene that codes for enzyme to break down dairy compounds | Galactosemia |
| Affects red blood cells and their ability to transport oxygen | Sickle Cell Disease |
| Buildup of fatty acids in the brain; mental disabilities | Tay-Sachs Disease |
| Decline of mental and neurological functions; ability to move deteriorates | Huntington's Disease |
| Excessively thick mucous production; digestive and respiratory failure | Cystic Fibrosis |
| Inability of blood to clot properly, if at all | Hemophilia |
| No color in skin, eyes and hair | Albinism |
| Short arms and legs; large head; disproportion | Achondroplasia |
| Distinctive facial features, short stature and often accompanied by varying levels of mental disabilities | Down syndrome |
| Human male with XXY; hormonal imbalances and often developmental disabilities. | Klinefelter's Syndrome |
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SavannahElkins
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