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BIO205-CH10-Classify
BIO205 - CH10 - Classification of Microorganisms - Tortora - Rio Salado - AZ
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Taxonomy | Classification of living forms & establishing relationships between one group and another to differentiate between them. |
| Taxonomy provides a common __. | Reference for identifying organisms already classified. |
| taxa (taxon) | Taxonomic catagories that show degrees of similarities among organisms - domain, kingdom, phylum, etc. |
| All organisms are related through __. | evolution |
| Systematics/phylogeny | Study of the evolutionary history of organism. |
| Hierarchy of taxa reflects evolution, or __. | phylogeneric relationships |
| phylogenetic | Evolutionary relationships |
| The 3 Domain system is based on what? | Rivosomes are not the same in all cells. |
| Comparing the sequences of __ in ribosomal RNA from cells shows difference in the 3 Domains. | Nucleotides |
| Besides differences in rRNA, the 3 domains differ how? | Membrane lipid structure, tRNA, & sensitivity to antibiotics. |
| The Domain Archae includes all prokaryotes that __. | don't have peptidoglycan in their cell walls & often live in extreme environments. |
| Name a bacteria with a "true" nucleus. | Gemmata bacteria |
| What indicates that endosymbiotic prokaryotes gave rise to mitochondria & chloriplasts. | Similarities including rRNA sequences. |
| What "part of speech" is the specific epithet (species)? | Adjective - the genus is a noun. |
| Eukaryotic species is taxonomically defined as? | A group of closely related organism that can interbreed. |
| A genus consists of a species that __. | differ from each other in certain ways but are related by descent. |
| Related species make up a __. | genus |
| Related genera make up a __. | family |
| Similar families constitute an __. | order |
| Group of similar orders makes up a __. | class |
| Related classes make up a __. | phylum |
| Each species belongs to __. | a genus, family, order, class, & phylum |
| In a pure culture, the microbes are __. | clones - population of cells derrived from a single parent cell. |
| Non identical pure cultures are called __. | a strain |
| Protists are being divided into groups called __. | clades - genetically related groups. |
| Fungi develop from __. | spores or from fragments of hyphae |
| hyphae | thin tube cells joined together - fungi |
| What kingdom do mosses belong to? | plantae |
| Which kingdom do sponges belong to? | anamalia |
| Morphological characteristics are? | Structured - size, intracellular, structures, endospores, & flagella. |
| What types of test are widely used to differentiate bacteria? | Gram stain & enzymatic activities |
| Serology | Science that studies serum & immune responses that are evident in serum. |
| Antigenic | Microorganism that enter an animal's body stimulate it to form antibodies. |
| Antiserum | A blood-derived fluid containing antibodies. |
| Slide agglutination test | Samples of unknown bacterium placed on slide & antiserum added to induce agglutination (clumping). |
| Agglutination results when bacteria are mixed __. | with antiserum (antibodies) |
| Serological testing can differentiate __. | microbial species & strains within species. |
| Strains with different antigens are called __. | serotypes, serovars, or biovars |
| Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). | Antibodies placed in a microplate & an unknown type of bacterium is added - reaction provides ID of bacteria. |
| How are the slide agglutination test & ELISA test similar? | Both use antibodies to test unknown bacterium. |
| Western blotting | Used to ID antibodies in patient's serum - known proteins removed from bacterium/virus by electrophores - blotted into filter & then patient's serum washed over filter - if they have antibodies, they will cling. |
| phage typing | Test for determining which phages a bacteria is susceptible to - looks for similarities among bacteria. |
| Name 2 diseases diagnosed by Western blotting. | HIV & Lyme disease |
| The sources of food-associated infections can be traced by __. | phage typing |
| What is being identified in phage typing? | Wherever the pages are able to infect & lyse the bacterial cells, clearings in the bacterial growth (called plaques) appear. |
| What is FAME? | Fatty acid methyl ester - fatty acid profile that tests for which fatty acid a bacteria metabolizes. |
| Flow cytometry | A moving fluid containing bacteria is forced through a small opening - test for electrical conductivity - or light skattering. |
| DNA base composition | Percent of guanine plus cytosine (G + C). |
| The base composition of a single species is theoretically __. | a fixed property |
| The comparison of the __ content in different species can reveal the degree of species relatedness. | G + C |
| A 40% GC bacteria & a 60% bacterium are __. | probably not related |
| What comprises DNA fingerprints? | A comparison of the number & sizes of restriction fragments (RFLPs). |
| What is an RFLP? | Restriction fragments produced when DNA subjected to a restriction enzyme. |
| Nucleic acid hybridization | 2 single strands of DNA are cooled & bind to each other through complementary base pairing - the greater the degree of hybridization, the greater the degree of relatedness. |
| Nucleic acid hybridization reactions are the basis of what techniques? | Southern Blotting, DNA chip, ribotyping & ribosomal RNA sequencing, & FISH. |
| Southern Blotting | Uses DNA probes to detect the pretense of specific DNA in restriction fragments separate by electrophoresis. |
| A DNA chip is composed of __. | DNA probes |
| DNA chip | Sample of DNA is labeled with fluorescent dye & hybridization between probe DNA & the DNA in sample that is dyed is detected by fluroscence. |
| Ribotyping uses __. | rRNA - smaller portion of ribosomes |
| What is on a DNA chip to make it specific for a particular microorganisms? | Synthetic single-stranded DNA sequences. |
| What is FISH? | Fluorescent in situ Hybridization - determines identity, abundance, & relative acting of microbes in an environment. |
| In FISH, cells are treated and probe reacts with? | The target ribosome in the cell. |
| What is stained using the FISH technique? | Microorganisms in place - probe enters and reacts with target ribosome in cell. |
| Dichotomous keys | ID scheme based on successive paired questions - one question leads to another pair of questions till organism identified. |
| Cladograms | Maps showing evolutionary relationships. |
| Each branch point on the cladogram defines? | A feature shared by various species on that branch. |
Created by:
Ladystorm
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