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AP Biology

AP Biology - Chapter 13 - Gene Regulation

QuestionAnswer
With few exceptions, cells contain the same genetic information.
Cells differ because gene expression is regulated.
Only certain subsets of the total genetic information are expressed in any given cell.
Gene expression results from a series of processes.
Bacteria are not multicellular.
Regulation of gene expression in bacteria is essential for their survival.
Operons in bacteria facilitate the coordinated control of functionally related genes.
Jacob and Monod isolated genetic mutants to study the lac operon.
An inducible gene is not transcribed unless a specific inducer inactivates its repressor.
A repressible gene is transcribed unless a specific repressor-corepressor complex is bound to the DNA.
Eukaryotic promoters vary in effieciency, depending on their upstream promoter elements.
Enhancers are DNA sequences that increase the transcription rate.
What are transcription factors? Regulatory proteins with several functional domains.
Chromosome organization may effect the expression of some genes.
The mRNAs of eukaryotes have many types of posttranscriptional control.
Some pre-mRNAs are processed in more than one way.
The stability of mRNA molecules varies.
Posttranscriptional chemical modifications may alter the activity of eukaryotic proteins.
What is the difference between heterochromatic and euchromatin? Which is transcribed? Heterochromatic is highly compact, not transcribed and found in regions of the genes and euchromatin is loosely packed in loops of 30nm fibers and transcribed "active" genes.
Which regions of the chromosome will typically be in the form of hererochromatin? Centromeres, telomeres, and other "junk" DNA.
How do the coding regions and genome sizes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes compare? Eukaryotes - much greater size of genome. Prokaryotes - small size of genome.
Much of mammalian non-coding DNA is in the form of junk DNA.
What is the cause of Fragile X? The more triplet repeats there are on the X chromosome, the more severely affected the individual will be.
What is the cause of Huntington's disease? Mutation at chromosome 4
Discuss an example of interspersed repetitive DNA? A transposon DNA sequence that "reproduces" by copying itself and inserting into new chromosome location.
What is a multigene family? Evolved from duplication of common ancestral globin gene.
Multigene families are hypothesized to have evovled from... duplication of ancestral globin gene.
How is the globulin multigene family an adaptive to mammals? It is expressed at different times.
Explain how gene amplification can regulate gene expression. Insertion of transposon sequence in new position in genome.
How can transposons alter gene expression? When they land within coding sequences of a gene.
How do immunoglobulin genes code for a seemingly infinite variety of antibodies? Makes duplicates of themselves.
DNA methylation Turns genes off
Histone acetylation Activates genes = on
Transcription factors Controls what proteins bind to
Control elements Controls elements of cell
Enhancers Controls promote sequence
Activators Activates proteins
DNA-binding domain Center of DNA strand
How does alternative RNA splicing affect gene expression? Cuts it in half.
How does RNA degradation affect gene expression? Doubles it.
How does protein processing and degradation affect gene expression? The either cut it in half or they double it.
Typically, what happens to cell function when cell become cancerous? It spreads and the cell keeps multiplying.
What is a proto-oncogene? What happens to them when cancer occurs? Normal cellular genes code for proteins that stimulate normal cell growth and division.
List the 3 events that can turn proto-oncogenes into oncogenes. 1. Failure of regulation 2. Growth inhibition 3.
Identify and describe mutations in specific proteins that can lead to cancer. At least 1 active oncogene and mutation or loss of serval tumor-suppressor genes and telomeres is often activated.
What is p53? The anti-cancer gene.
Why is it said cancer formation is a multi-step process? Because it goes through different stages.
Created by: crescenti
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