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Chapter 12 DNA/RNA

Chapter 12 Vocabulary and Key Concepts for DNA/RNA

QuestionAnswer
DNA replication Making a strand of DNA that is complementary to the original strand
Protein Synthesis Making Proteins
Central Dogma The chain of events for all living things and basic mechanism of reading and expressing genes goes from DNA to RNA to Protein
Messenger RNA (mRNA) Long strands of RNA nucleotides that are formed complementary to one strand of DNA
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) The type of RNA that associates with proteins to form ribosomes in the cytoplasm
Transfer RNA (tRNA) Smaller segments of RNA nucleotides that transport amino acids to the ribosome
Transcription The process in which mRNA is synthesized from the template DNA
Translation The process in which mRNA attaches to the ribosome and a protein is assembled
Genetic Code The sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that determines the specific amino acid sequence in the synthesis of proteins
Codon Three-base code in DNA or RNA
Anticodon The anticodon region of a transfer RNA is a sequence of three bases that are complementary to a codon in the messenger RNA.
Mutation Permanent change in a cell’s DNA, ranging from changes in a single base pair to deletions of large sections of chromosomes
Insertion A type of mutation resulting from the addition of extra nucleotides in a DNA sequence or chromosome
Nondisjunction Cell division in which the sister chromatids do not separate correctly, resulting in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes
Deletion A chromosomal abnormality in which part of a single chromosome has been lost
Substitution A type of mutation in which a single nucleotide is substituted with a different nucleotide that may result in an altered sequence of amino acid during translation
Mutagens A substance, such as a chemical, that causes mutations
Radiation Can cause mutations. Examples are X-ray and Ultraviolet
Created by: curtismc
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