Chapter 12 Vocabulary and Key Concepts for DNA/RNA
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| DNA replication | Making a strand of DNA that is complementary to the original strand
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| Protein Synthesis | Making Proteins
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| Central Dogma | The chain of events for all living things and basic mechanism of reading and expressing genes goes from DNA to RNA to Protein
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| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | Long strands of RNA nucleotides that are formed complementary to one strand of DNA
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| Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | The type of RNA that associates with proteins to form ribosomes in the cytoplasm
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| Transfer RNA (tRNA) | Smaller segments of RNA nucleotides that transport amino acids to the ribosome
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| Transcription | The process in which mRNA is synthesized from the template DNA
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| Translation | The process in which mRNA attaches to the ribosome and a protein is assembled
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| Genetic Code | The sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that determines the specific amino acid sequence in the synthesis of proteins
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| Codon | Three-base code in DNA or RNA
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| Anticodon | The anticodon region of a transfer RNA is a sequence of three bases that are complementary to a codon in the messenger RNA.
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| Mutation | Permanent change in a cell’s DNA, ranging from changes in a single base pair to deletions of large sections of chromosomes
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| Insertion | A type of mutation resulting from the addition of extra nucleotides in a DNA sequence or chromosome
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| Nondisjunction | Cell division in which the sister chromatids do not separate correctly, resulting in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes
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| Deletion | A chromosomal abnormality in which part of a single chromosome has been lost
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| Substitution | A type of mutation in which a single nucleotide is substituted with a different nucleotide that may result in an altered sequence of amino acid during translation
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| Mutagens | A substance, such as a chemical, that causes mutations
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| Radiation | Can cause mutations. Examples are X-ray and Ultraviolet
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