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Biology EOC Study
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| This type of sugar is found in pasta, bread, and fruit... | Carbohydrate |
| Two monosaccharides make a... | Disaccharide (sucrose – table sugar) |
| These are the building blocks of amino acids... | Proteins |
| These do not dissolve or break apart in water; store energy from excess food... | Lipids |
| Information passed from one generation of cells to the next (genetic information) is stored in... | Nucleic Acids |
| Nucleic acids are assembled from individual units called... | Nucleotides |
| The two most important nucleic acids are.... | DNA and RNA |
| DNA is transferred by... | RNA |
| Control center of the cell; contains the DNA: | Nucleus |
| Thin layer surrounding cell; semipermeable so that some substances can pass through to take in nutrients and dispose of waste: | Cell membrane |
| A jellylike material located between cell membrane and nucleus: | Cytoplasm |
| Where proteins are made in the cell: | Ribosomes |
| The system of membranes and sacs that act like a highway along which molecules move from one part of the cell to another: | Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
| The proteins move from ER to the _____ before they are transported to different parts of the cytoplasm... | Golgi apparatus |
| Site of chemical reactions that transfer energy from organic compounds into a substance called ATP: | Mitochondria |
| Digestive system of the cell; small spherical organelles (rare in plant cells): | Lysosomes |
| Outer layer surrounding cell membrane of plant cells; makes cell rigid and protects: | Cell Wall |
| Fluid-filled organelle that store enzymes and wastes; can be very large | Vacuole |
| A type of green plastid that absorbs the sun’s energy so plants can make food: | Chloroplast |
| Organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles; examples are animals and plants: | Eukaryotes |
| Organism that do not contain membrane-bound organelles; examples are bacteria and blue-green algae: | Prokaryotes |
| Cellular Organism Hierarchy: | Cell – tissue – organ – organ system - organism |
| Ability of an organism to regulate internal conditions despite changes to outside environment (balance); temperature, pH, metabolism | Homeostasis |
| Movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration: | Diffusion |
| Organic catalyst that controls the rate of chemical reactions within cells; are proteins (made from amino acids) | Enzyme |
| Respiration that requires oxygen; includes cellular respiration: | Aerobic Respiration |
| Respiration that does not require oxygen; begins with glycolysis and followed by fermentation... | Anaerobic Respiration |
| Process by which plants produce foods in form of simple sugars and then converts them to complex carbohydrates which store energy: | Photosynthesis |
| Organisms that produce food, such as plants: | Autotrophs |
| Organisms that cannot produce their own food (animals): | Heterotrophs |
| Each nucleotide in DNA has one of ____ possible nitrogen bases. (How many?) | Four |
| Adenine pairs with ____? | Thymine |
| Guanine pairs with______? | Cytosine |
| Thymine pairs with_____? | Adenine |
| Cytosine pairs with_____? | Guanine |
| How many chromosomes do humans have and in how many pairs? | 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs |
| What is a section of chromosomes called? | Gene |
| The main function of genes is to control production of______. | Proteins |
| Producing offspring by a single parent; offspring are genetically identical to the parent... | Asexual Reproduction |
| When the cell divides and each part receives one copy of genetic information; used in asexual reproduction; used in bacteria and other prokaryotic cells | Binary Fission |
| Nucleus divides into two in a process called.... | Mitosis |
| Gametes are _____, which means they have half the number of chromosomes present. | Haploid |
| The offspring of cells or animals are _______, which means they have two copies of each chromosome. | Diploid |
| The ______ allele is expressed in a physical characteristic and is written with an uppercase letter. | Dominant |
| The _____ allele is not expressed in a physical characteristic, but are expressed when there are no dominant alleles present. Written with a lowercase letter. | Recessive |
| The alleles that an organism inherits from its parents make up the organism’s _____ or genetic composition. | Genotype |
| The genotype Bb is _____ (homozygous or heterozygous?) | Heterozygous |
| The genotype BB is ______ (homozygous or heterozygous?) | Homozygous |
| The genotype bb is ______ (homozygous or heterozygous?) | Homozygous |
| How many different genotypes can there be for each trait and what are they (in terms of B)? | Three. BB, Bb, and bb |
| What do you call the PHYSICAL trait that is displayed? | Phenotype |
| How many different phenotypes are possible for a given trait? | Two |
| Who is the Austrian monk from the mid 1800’s who used pea plants to discovery many of the things that lead to our current understanding of genetics? | Gregor Mendel |
| What do you call a diagram used to identify possible combinations of dominant and recessive alleles in offspring? | Punnett Square |
| What do you call a family record that shows which members inherit a specific trait over generations? | Pedigree |
| In a pedigree, which boxes represent males (circle or square)? | Square |
| In a pedigree, which boxes represent females (circle or square)? | Circle |
| In a pedigree, boxes that are ____ represent people that have the disorder. | Colored |
| In a pedigree, boxes that are half-colored represent _______. | Carriers |
| _________ traits are arried on sex chromosomes. | Sex-linked |
| What chromosomes pair represents the sex chromosomes? | 23 |
| The _______ __________ _______ was completed in 2003 (started in 1990), and mapped the 30-40 thousand genes in human DNA. | Human Genome Project |
| Genetically identical organisms created from a single cell are called _____. | Clones |
| Dolly, the sheep is the most famous example of a _______. | Clone |
| _______ ______ foods are engineered to grow larger, faster, and more disease resistant, but they are very controversial. | Genetically Modified |
| During _______ _______, genes or pieces of DNA are taken from one organism and transferred to another organism. | Genetic Engineering |
| Some cells are not specialized and can develop into a variety of cells – these are called ______ ______. | Stem cells |
| The process of change over time is called _____. | Evolution |
| Group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring: | Species |
| Differences in characteristics that occur among in organisms: | Variations |
| Trait that improves and organism’s chance for survival and reproduction: | Adaptation |
| Change that occurs in DNA sequence; usually an error: | Mutation |
| Theory proposed by Charles Darwin that states that organisms best suited to their environments as a result of favorable characteristics survive and reproduce: | Natural Selection |
| _____ are preserved remains of organisms. | Fossils |
| Structures of living things are compared to understand the development and relationship among species describes a concept called: | Comparative Morphology |
| ______ structures serve the same purpose in different species but evolved independently – structures did not evolve from the same structures in a common ancestor. | Analogous |
| _________ structures are similar body parts found in different species. | Homologous |
| _______ is the study of early stages of life, before birth. | Embryology |
| _______ is the science of identifying, classifying, and naming living things. | Taxonomy |
| List the sections of taxonomic classification from least specific to more specific. Separate answers with a comma and a space. | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| _______ are protists that are plant-like; contain chlorophyll and conduct photosynthesis; can move around like animals. | Algae |
| ______ are all multicellular autotrophs, with eukaryotic cells, chloroplasts, and cell walls. | Plants |
| Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are ______ (vascular or nonvascular?). | Nonvascular |
| ______ plants have systems of tubes that transport food, water, and minerals in the plant. | Vascular |
| During the _____ generation, the plant has a complete set of chromosomes and is diploid, produces spores, and the spores develop into gametophytes. | Sporophyte |
| During the ______ generation, the plant is haploid, and produces gametes. | Gametophyte |
| The sperm cell and egg cell join during fertilization to form a _____ (fertilized egg). | Zygote |
| __________ have cones that contain seeds, often have needle-like leaves, and include pine trees. | Gymnosperms |
| _______ produce flowers that develop into fruits that encase the seeds. | Angiosperms |
| The reproductive structure of an angiosperm is the ________. | Flower |
| The male reproductive structure of an angiosperm is the _______. | Stamen |
| The female reproductive structure of an angiosperm is the ______. | Pistil |
| Once the ovary of an angiosperm is fertilized, it becomes a ______. | Fruit |
| The ______ of a plant anchor it into the ground to absorb nutrients and water from the soil. | Roots |
| The ____ of a plant support the plant and transport material. | Stems |
| The ______ of a plant act as a place for photosynthesis to take place. | Leaves |
| _______ adaptations increase an animal’s chances of catching prey. | Predator |
| _______ adaptations helps keep an animal from being killed. | Prey |
| A _______ is an adaptation that helps animals look more dangerous to other animals. | Mimicry |
| ________ animals blend in with their surroundings to hide from predators. | Camouflaged |
| ______ is the process in which 2 species evolve in response to change in each other. | Coevolution |
| _______ ______ developed a theory that diseases are caused by a pathogen. | Robert Koch |
| Bateria is _____ (unicellular or multicellular?). | Unicellular |
| True of false: Bacteria can be helpful. | True |
| Are strep throat and tuberculosis caused by a bacteria or virus? | Bacteria |
| Are viruses smaller or larger than bacteria? | Smaller |
| Are viruses alive? | No |
| ________ can only reproduce in living cells. | Viruses |
| Are chicken pox, rabies, and measles caused by a virus or a bacteria? | Virus |
| _______ are eukaryotic heterotrophs that feed on dead or decaying organic matter. | Fungi |
| Fungi grow best in _____ and _______ environments. (Include the "and" in your answer) | Dark and moist |
| Ringworm and Athlete's foot are both caused by a ________. | Fungus |
| Malaria is caused by a _______. | Protist |
| _______ mammals carry their young in their uterus until they are developed enough to live outside of their mother's body. | Placental |
| _________ are mammals that carry their young for a while inside the uterus, then the offspring spends the rest of their development time in the mother's pouch. | Marsupials |
| ________ are animals that lay eggs. | Monotremes |
| A __________ disease cannot be transmitted from one person to another. | Noncommunicable |
| A _______ disease can be spread from one person to another. | Communicable |
| Hemophilia and cystic fibrosis are ______ disorders. | Genetic |
| A _________ is an organism that lives on or in another organism and feeds off it. | Parasite |
| _______ is a food poisoning caused by a bacterium growing on improperly sterilized canned meats and other preserved foods. | Botulism |
| A __________ is a poisonous substance. | Toxin |
| There are _______ parts of the body's initial immune response. | Three |
| The _____ acts as a barrier for the body. | Skin |
| When the body is injured, injured cells release chemicals that increase blood flow to an invaded region, bringing _____ ______ _____. | White Blood Cells |
| _ and _ cells attack specific pathogens. (Include the "and" in your answer) | T and B |
| A _________ is a substance essential to body in small amounts that is obtained naturally from plant and animal foods. | Vitamin |
| A _____ is a nutrient not made by living things. | Mineral |
| A, D, E, K, B, & C are all ________. | Vitamins |
| Calcium, iodine, iron, and potassium are all _______. | Minerals |
| An _________ is a group of organisms living together and interacting with each other and the environment around them. | Ecosystem |
| _________ is the scientific study of interrelationships of organisms and their environments. | Ecology |
| A __________ is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area. | Population |
| A _______ is a group of interacting populations. | Community |
| There are _________ kinds of symbiosis. | Three |
| In __________, both organisms benefit one another. | Mutualism |
| In _________, one organism benefits from the other, while the other organism is neither harmed nor helped. | Commensalism |
| In ________, one organism benefits and the other is harmed. | Parasitism |
| During _______, a predator feeds on prey. | Predation |
| Is predation a form of symbiosis? | No. |
| _______ factors are things in environments that are not alive. | Abiotic |
| ________ factors are things in environments that are living. | Biotic |
| __________ factors are environmental things that can affect size of populations. | Limiting |
| An ecosystem's __________ __________ is the largest population that it can support over a long period of time. | Carrying Capacity |
| The ________ ________ is the process where carbon is taken from the air, used in photosynthesis to make food for plants which then release oxygen and water back into the atmosphere. | Carbon Cycle |
| __________ are organisms that break down the remains of dead organisms. | Decomposers |
| During _______, fuels are burned, oxygen is consumed, and carbon dioxide is released into atmosphere. | Combustion |
| ________ are organisms capable of making food. | Producers |
| _______ _______ are organisms that eat producers to get food. | Primary Consumers |
| ________ _______ are organisms that eat primary consumers to get food. | Secondary Consumers |
| ______ are organisms that eat only plants. | Herbivores |
| _________ are organisms that eat other animals. | Carnivores |
| _________ are consumers that eat both plants and animals. | Omnivores |
| A __________ feeds off organisms that are dead. | Scavenger |
| Each level in an energy pyramid is called a _____ _____. | Trophic Level |
| The first trophic level in an energy pyramid consists of _____. | Producers |
| _____ ______ are interconnected food chains. | Food Webs |
| The variable in an experiment that does not change is the _____ _____. | Control Variable |
| In an experiment, the ________ ________ is the variable that does not change. | Independent Variable |
| In an experiment, the ______ _______ is the result or the change based on the independent variable being used. | Dependent Variable |
Created by:
zbenfield
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