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CellReproduction8
Chapter 8 Cell Reproduction (Adv. Biology)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mitosis is necessary for both growth and repair, as well as the maintenance of the ___ in all body cells | Chromosome number |
| The spindle begins to assemble during... | Prophase |
| Humans have 46 chromosomes. How many total chromatids does a human cell have during the G2 phase? | 92 |
| Plants cannot use a cleavage furrow to undergo cytokinesis because they have a ___ | Cell wall |
| A duplicated chromosome is composed of two identical... | Chromatids |
| Which phase does cytokinesis follow? | Telophase |
| What is the checkpoint for the completion of DNA synthesis? | G2 checkpoint |
| Cancer cells do not exhibit ___, so they are unphased/unstopped by the crowding of other cancer cells as well as healthy cells as they continue to divide | Contact inhibition |
| Rats have 42 chromosomes. How many total chromatids does a rat have during the G1 phase? | 42 |
| Which cell cycle checkpoint allows damaged DNA to be repaired before it's passed on to the daughter cells? | G2 checkpoint |
| Nuclear division | Mitosis |
| Cytoplasmic division | Cytokinesis |
| "Package" which allows DNA to be distributed to the daughter cells... | Chromosome |
| Cells which result after initial cell has divided... | Daughter cells |
| Constricted region of a chromosome that holds the identical halves together... | Centromere |
| DNA and associated proteins that have the appearance of thin threads... | Chromatin |
| Each identical half of a chromosome | Sister chromatids |
| Humans have ___ pairs of chromosomes. | 23 |
| The protein molecule around which DNA is coiled is called a(n) ___ | Histone |
| Process by which identical copies of cells are made for the overall growth and repair of an organism | Mitosis |
| Type of cell division that produces two identical cells as a means of asexual reproduction; like in bacteria | Binary fission |
| Orderly sequence of stages that takes place between the time a new cell has arisen from the division of the parent cell to the point when it has given rise to two daughter cells. | Cell cycle |
| Most of the cell cycle is spent in ___ | Interphase |
| Most eukaryotic cells have a(n) ____ # of chromosomes because each parent has contributed half of the chromosome to the new individual | Even |
| Most eukaryotic cells rely on a ___; a cytoskeletal structure, to pull chromatids apart into daughter chromosomes | Spindle |
| Primary microtubule organizing center of the cell... | Centrosome |
| Instead of a cleavage furrow as in animal cells, a(n) ____ forms in plants cells during cytokines | Cell plate |
| A disease in which the cell divides without control and without end | Cancer |
| Cancers are classified according to where they ___ | Originate |
| Spindle fibers attached to chromosomes disassemble and each pole receives a set of daughter chromosomes | Anaphse |
| New nuclear membrane forms around each new set of genetic material; just before cytoplasmic division | Telophase |
| During mitosis, sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and are now called... | Daughter chromosomes |
| Each "bead" of the zig-zag pattern that is chromatin, formed by DNA wrapping around a histone, is known as a(n) ___ | Nucleosome |
| Cell division occurs during the ___ of interphase, which encompasses both division of the nucleus and division of the cytoplasm. | Mitotic phase |
| Barrel-like structures found in animal cells which help to anchor and support the microtubules taking part in the formation of the spindle | Centrioles |
| Midway between the poles which the chromosomes will align during metaphase | Spindle equator |
| The cell plate is formed by ___ containing membrane components fusing together. | Vesicles |
| In order for a cell to reproduce successfully, the cell cycle must be ___ | Controlled |
| At the ___, mitosis stops until chromosomes are properly aligned | M checkpoint |
| Programmed cell death | Apoptosis |
| Molecule that stimulates or inhibits an event | Signal |
| Enzymes called ___ remove phosphate from ATP and add it to another molecule, which acts as an on/off switch for cellular activities. | Kinases |
| Levels of proteins called ___ increase and decrease as the cell cycle progresses and must be present at the correct levels for the cell to proceed from G1 phase to the S phase and so on and so forth | Cyclins |
| Prevents cells from overgrowing within the body... | Contact inhibition |
| Repeating DNA base sequences at the end of a chromosome that have been described as protecting the chromosomes stability during the division process | Telomere |
| Body cells... | Somatic cells |
| Death through ___ prevents a tumor from developing in the first place | Apoptosis |
| Cancers of the epithelial tissue that lines organs | Carcinomas |
| Cancers arsing in muscle or connective tissue; especially cartilage and bone | Sarcomas |
| Cancers of the blood | Leukemias |
| Development of cancer | Carcinogenesis |
| Cancers do not ___; lose their ability to specialize and do not contribute to the function of a body part | Differentiate |
| Cancer cells often have ___ nuclei and may contain an abnormal number of chromosomes | Enlarged |
| Multiple layers of abnormal cells caused by the development of a cancer | Tumor |
| Tumor usually contained within a capsule and therefore cannot invade adjacent tissues | Benign |
| Tumor that is invasive and may spread | Malignant |
| Process by which cancer cells migrate from tumor of origin to other areas of the body causing further disruption/tumors | Metastasis |
| Cancer cells may secrete factors that promote ___, formation of new blood vessels that will feed the developing tumor | Angiogenesis |
| The goal of ___ is to kill cancer cells within a specific tumor by directing high energy beams at he tumor | Radiation |
| ___ is a way to kill cancer cells that have spread through the body | Chemotherapy |
| ___ drugs can prevent cell division of cancers by preventing cancer cell growth and their ability to receive signals required for continued growth and division | Hormone therapy |
| Accounts for 30% of all cancer deaths | Smoking |
| People who smoke two or more packs of cigarettes a day have lung cancer mortality rates ___ times greater than those of nonsmokers | 15-25 |
| Many skin cancers are ___ related | Sun |
| Most dangerous type of skin cancer... | Melanoma |
| A ___ (Xray image of breast tissue) can find a tumor within the breast tissue that may be too small to be felt | Mammogram |
| Risk of cancers such as colon and uterine cancers is ___ greater among obese women | 55% |
| Foods that help protect against cancer include fruits and ___ which are rich in Vit. A and C | Dark green, leafy vegetables |
Created by:
SavannahElkins
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