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SPC
Persuasion
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Persuasion (def) | it is the art of reinforcing or changing beliefs, attitudes, values, or behaviors on a particular subject. |
| art = | the flexible application of principles |
| what are the three modes of persuasion? | logical, emotional, and ethical |
| greek for logical | lambda |
| greek for emotional (psychological) | pi |
| greek for ethical | eta |
| what are the three types of prepositions? | fact, value, and policy |
| what is a preposition? | a statement about something |
| fact: | statement that says something was, is, or will be the case |
| value: | statement that says something was, is, or will be good or bad. (neither true nor false; subjective) |
| policy: | statement that says a specific course of action should be adopted. (only future tense) |
| Issue Analysis: | a clash between arguments stated in question form |
| evidence | anything you're willing to believe |
| what are the four types of evidence? | valid assumptions, facts, statistics, testimony |
| facts: | any observable, verifiable, piece of datum |
| ways to test facts: | is it current, is it consistent with others, are there any saying the opposite? |
| statistics: | generalizations or comparisons expressed in numerical form |
| ways to test statistics: | how current is it, what sample was conducted, who is the source? |
| testimony: | written or oral opinions about something |
| ways to test testimonies: | who is the source, how current is it, how biased is it, is it based on facts? |
| what are five types of reasoning? | generalization, causation, analogy, sign, and categorical |
| argument by generalization: | what is true of the example(s) is probably true of the entire set of examples w/in the same class. |
| ways to test generalization: | how many examples did you use, how typical are the results, are there any negative examples? |
| argument by causation: | a specific cause produces a specific effect |
| ways to test causation: | is the cause strong enough to produce the effect, could there be some other causal factors, how consistent is the relationship b/t cause and effect? |
| argument by analogy: | weakest form of reasoning; if two objects are similar in a certain situation, they probably will be similar in other situations |
| ways to test analogy: | do the similarities outweigh the dissimilarities? |
| argument by sign: | if certain symptoms suggest the presence of a particular condition |
| ways to test sign: | are there enough signs, do these signs generally indicate that condition, are there a number of contradictory signs? |
| categorical argument: | opposite of generalization; uses deductive reasoning; goes from general to specific; what is true of the entire category (generalization) will be true of any member in that category |
| ways to test categorical: | does the condlusion follow logically from the premises? |
| fallacies of reasoning: | begging the question, pseudoauthority, irrelevant appeals |
| begging the question: | assuming the truth w/o proving it. |
| one type of begging the question: | alleged certainty ("anyone with half a brain would know that!") |
| pseudoauthority: | lying; making it up; made-up authority |
| irrelevant appeals: | has nothing to do with the issue or anything you're talking about |
| whare are two types of irrelevant appeals? | appeal to pity, appeal to fear |
| motivational proof AKA | Pi |
| ways to use motivational proof: | rewarded behavior, hierarchy of needs, group identification, self-image |
| credibility AKA | Eta |
| credibility DEF: | it is the amount of belief a person has in some person or thing such as an institution |
| what are the 6 dimensions of credibility? | competency, trustworthiness, develop goodwill towards the audience, dynamism, identification, immediate behavior |
| competency: | do you know what you're talking about? be knowledgeable of your subject; have qualified sources |
| trustworthiness: | does the audience trust you? sound sincere, genuine |
| develop goodwill towards the audience: | what will benefit the audience? use personal pronouns (we, us); be friendly, honest |
| dynamism: | variety in delivery |
| identification: | identify with your listeners; common goals, values, beliefs |
| immediate behavior: | reduction of physical and psychological space b/t speaker and listener |
Created by:
kelseyrae
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