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CH6SG FHS
Chapter 6 Study Guide Cellular Respiration
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life. | metabolism |
| This metabolic process is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units. These reactions require energy. | anabolism |
| the set of metabolic pathways which break down molecules into smaller units and release energy. | catabolism |
| respiration and digestion are examples of: | catabolism |
| protein synthesis and photosynthesis are examples of | anabolism |
| the opposite of photosynthesis is: | cellular respiration |
| C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Energy | overall reaction for cellular respiration |
| 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O ----light---> C₆ H₁₂ O₆ + 6 O₂ | overall reaction for photosynthesis |
| What are the 4 stages of cellular respiration? | glycolysis, oxidation of pyruvate, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain |
| Stage of cellular respiration where Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm of the cell and 2 ATP are produced. | Glycolysis |
| Stage of cellular respiration where pyruvate from glycolysis is actively pumped into mitochondria. | pyruvate oxidation |
| Stage of cellular respiration where the hydrogen atoms are removed from the acetyl coenzyme A molecules to use the electrons to create 4 ATP. Carbon Dioxide is emitted as a waste product. | Krebs cycle |
| Stage of cellular respiration where hydrogen is pumped inside the mitochondria using energy that electrons release. Produces the most ATP (32) | Electron Transport Chain |
| occurs when a reactant loses electrons during the reaction. | oxidation |
| occurs when a reactant gains electrons during the reaction. | reduction |
| are electron carriers. They pick up electrons from the breakdown of glucose and take the electrons to the electron transport chain. | FAD and NAD |
| Which type of cellular respiration is the most efficient for creating ATP? | Aerobic respiration |
| This type of respiration can only take place in the presence of oxygen. | aerobic |
| This is also known as fermentation. | Anaerobic respiration |
| both aerobic and anaerobic respiration begin with what process? | glycolysis |
| three carbon compound that is the energized glucose molecule first split into during the first stage of glycolysis | pyruvate |
| what changes phosphoglycerate into pyruvate during glycolysis | pyruvate kinase |
| in anaerobic respiration (fermentation) what stage provides the cell with ATP and how much ATP is produced? | glycolysis - 2 ATP |
| What happens to our body when we are in a state of oxygen debt after strenuous repetitive exercise? | burn 95% carbohydrates.increase metabolic rate, burns fat |
| What type of cells would you find large numbers of mitochondria? Why? | animal cells, They cannot go through photosynthesis, therfore depend completely on the mitochondria to make ATP. |
| What is produced from the fermentation of yeast? | alcohol |
| Without ___________ cellular respiration could not occur because it serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport system. | oxygen |
| In stage 2 of cellular respiration pyruvate breaks down into what compound? | acetyl-CoA |
| Where does glycolysis take place? | cytosol |
| How many carbons are in acetyl-CoA? | 2 |
| acetyl-CoA is oxidized into CO₂ while at the same time reducing NAD to NADH | Kreb's cycle |
| oxidizing the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle,The electrons are finally transferred to exogenous oxygen and, with the addition of two protons, water is formed. | oxidative phosphorylation |
| also known as chemiosmotic potential | proton gradient |
| how does a proton gradient promote chemiosmosis | higher concentration of ions in outer than inner membrane helps ATP move inwards since it likes to move to areas of lower concentration |
| what are coupled reactions? | 2 reactions that work together - energy is passed from one to the next - the second cannot happen without the first |
| produces about a net of 36 ATP for every molecule of glucose | aerobic respiration |
| produces about a net of 2 ATP for every molecule of glucose | anaerobic respiration |
| Which produces 18x as much ATP as the other? aerobic or anaerobic | aerobic |
| What was Van Helmont's experiment | 5 year study of trees and where they got their mass |
| Where did Van Helmont think trees got their mass? | water |
| What did Priestley conclude about air? | different types: specifically 3 - fixed, alkaline, acid |
| What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? | carbon dioxide + water + light = sugar and oxygen 6CO₂+6H₂O+light = C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂ |
| What are the reactants of photosynthesis? | 6CO₂+6H₂O |
| Where do the reactants of photosynthesis come from? | sunlight, carbon dioxide from animals, water from the air/rain |
| What are the products of photosynthesis? | C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂ -- sugar and oxygen |
| Draw a chloroplast. What are the parts? | light dependent reactions, calvin cycle, light, O2, H2O CO2, Sugars, NADP+, ADP+P, ATP, NADPH |
| Why is chlorophyll special? | It allows plants to convert carbon dioxide and water in to oxygen and sugar when in the presence of light |
| What are some accessory pigments? | light-absorbing compounds, found in photosynthetic organisms |
| What is the function of accessory pigments? | Absorb a greater spectrum of light than regular chlorophyll. |
| How do eyes recognize different colors? | cones in the retina that detect red, green, and blue |
| What colors of light do most green plants absorb? | red, orange, violet |
| What colors of light do most green plants reflect? | green, yellow |
| What happens when chlorophyll absorbs photons of light energy? | absorb the light, transfer the captured energy to the reaction center, the energy splits oxygen from water and forms chemical bonds |
| Explain what happens during Photosystem II. | Breakdown of water supplies electrons to P680 which in turn supplies P700. This flow creates a proton gradient to help produce ATP. |
| Where do the replacement electrons fro chlorophyll come from? | Photosystem II - breakdown of water. |
| What happens during Photosystem I? | Pigments absorb light energy, this excites electrons, excited electrons are transferred to a special electron acceptor |
| What are the high energy products of the light reactions which are used to make glucose in the dark reactions? | ATP and NADPH |
| Where does the by-product O₂ come from? | Water - the 12 H₂0 yields 6 O₂ |
| What is another name for the dark or light-independent reactions? | Calvin Cycle |
| What occurs during the Calvin Cycle? | ATP and NADPH from the light reactions are used to fix CO₂ into glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) The cycle begins and ends with the 5-carbon sugar RUBP |
| What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis? | Temperature, amount of water available, carbon dioxide available, amount of sunlight available. |
| What are the advantages of C₄ photosynthesis? | Works better in hot and dry environments. Keeps the pores closed longer. |
| What is chemosynthesis? | alternate way to generate energy and make sugars to photosynthesis. Instead of using light as the energy source, chemosynthetic organisms use some chemical as the energy source. |
| What is the difference between photosynthesis in bacteria and plants? | Bacteria: Use bacteriochlorophyll Use H2S as source of electrons (not H2O) Emit S2 gas rather than O2 gas |
| List some heterotrophic plants. | venus flytrap, mistletoe |
| How do heterotrophic plants obtain nutrition? | insectivorous eat insects, parasitic siphon nutrients from other plants |
| What was the driving force behind the adaptation of heterotrophic plants? | soil deficient in nutrition |
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