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BIO205-CH2-ChemPrinc
BIO205 - Ch 2 - Chemical Principles - RioSalado - AZ
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Isotopes | Atoms w/different number of neutrons - Ex: 16/8O, 17/8O, 18/8O |
| Chemical properties of atoms are largly a function of __. | Number of electrons in outermost electron shell. |
| Valence | Valence Combining capacity of atom - number of missing electrons in outermost electron shell - "bonding capacity". |
| Compound | A molecule containing at least 2 different kinds of atoms. |
| Atomic number | Number of protons in nucleus |
| Mass number | Total number of protons & neutrons |
| Chemical bonds | Atoms sharing electrons |
| First shell | Hold 2 electrons (1 orbital) |
| Second shell | Holds 8 electrons (4 orbitals) |
| Third shell | Holds 18 electrons (9 orbitals) |
| Molecules held together because? | The valence electrons of the combining atoms form attractive forces (chemical bonds) between atomic nuclei. |
| Example of weaker ionic bond in immune system. | Antigen-antibody reaction in which antibodies combine with antigens to combat infection. |
| Cations | An atom where outer electron shell is less than 1/2 filled & will lose electrons to form positive ions - K+, Ca2+, Na+ |
| Anions | Atom with more than 1/2 filled outer electron shell will gain electrons & form negative ions - I-, Cl-, S2- |
| Ion | Atom that has gained or lost an electron & carries + or _ charge. H+ = Hydrogen ion |
| Covalent bond | When atoms share one or more pairs of electrons - single stronger than ionic - more common than ionic in organisms (H-H). |
| Ionic bond | 2 ions held together by opposite charges - when atoms have gained or lost outer electrons - Ex: NaCl |
| Double Covalent Bond | Two atoms sharing 2 electron pairs |
| Triple Covalent Bond | Sharing 3 electron pairs |
| Polar covalent bond | When 2 atoms don't share electrons equally - electronegative - water molecules is example. |
| Hydrogen bond | Weak attraction formed between covalently bound hydrogen atom & an electronegative atom - DNA is example - holds 2 nucleotide strands together. |
| Solvent | Ions & polar molecules easily dissolve in it. |
| Sphere of hydration | Clustering of water molecules around a solute - multiple ions dispersed in a fluid. |
| ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid - made 4 kinds of deoxyribonucleotides - adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine. Base-pairing - the sequence of bases encodes heritable information. |
| RNA | Ribonucleic acids - made of 4 ribonucleotide monomers - uracil, adenine, guanine, & cytosine - How cell retrieves & uses genetic info in DNA to build proteins. |
| Hydrogen & carbon form __ bond quite easy because __. | Covalent - their outer electron shells are half-filled |
| Covalent bonds are formed by __ electrons, while ionic are formed by __ between atoms that have lost or gained electrons. | sharing-attraction (become + or - charged). |
| __ are weak but do serve as bridges between different molecules or between various portions of same molecule. | hydrogen bonds |
| In a molecule of water, all the electrons tend to be closer to the __ nucleus. | oxygen |
| Elements most frequently involved in hydrogen bond. | oxygen & nitrogen |
| molecular weight | Sum of the atomic weights of all its atoms. |
| One __ of a substance is its molecular weight in grams. | mole - ex: 1 mole of H2O = 18g [(2x1)+16] |
| Chemical energy | Change of energy whenever bonds are formed/broken during chemical reaction. |
| Chemical reaction that absorbs more energy than released. | Endergonic reaction |
| Chemical reaction that releases more energy than absorbed. | Exergonic reaction |
| Synthesis reaction | When 2 or more atoms/ions/molecules combine into larger molecules - "new bonds formed" A+B=AB |
| Combining substances in reaction. | reactants |
| Pathways of synthesis reaction in living organisms are __. | anabolic (anabolism) |
| 2 examples of anabolism | (1) combining of sugar molecules to form starch & (2) amino acids to form proteins |
| Decomposition Reaction | bonds are broken - larger molecules split into smaller - AB=A + B = catabolism in living organisms. |
| 2 examples of catabolism | (1) breakdown of sucrose (table sugar) into glucose & fructose during digestion, (2) bacterial decomposition/bioremediation. |
| Inorganic compounds lack __. | carbon - structurally simple - water, oxygen, CO2, salts, acids, bases, etc. |
| What 2 elements are always fround in organic compounds? | Carbon & hydrogen - structurally complete. |
| Most common bonds in organic compounds. | Covalent bonds - atoms sharing one or more pairs of electrons. |
| __ is the medium for most chemical reactions. | water |
| The total charge of H2O molecule is __ but oxygen retion __ and hydrogen. | neutral, negative, positive |
| Every H2O molecule can form __ hydrogen bonds with nearby molecules. | 4 |
| solvent | Dissolving medium - ex: water due to polarity |
| dissociation | Separation into individual molecules in water. |
| solute | A substance dissolved in another substance |
| Polarity of H2O facilitates splitting & rejoining of __ & __ ions. | hydrogen (H+) & hydroxide (OH-) |
| What protects cell from temperature fluctuations? | Hydrogen bonds of water |
| ionization | Breaking apart (dissociation) into ions - acids & bases |
| An __ dissociates into 1 or more H+ (cations) ions & 1 or more negative ions (anions). | acid - proton (H+) donor |
| A __ dissociates into 1 or more H+ (cations) ions plus negative charged hydroxide (OH-) that can accept protons. | base - proton (H+) acceptor |
| pH measures? | Amount of H+ in solution - "potential of hydrogen" |
| Fungi tolerate __ conditions & prokaryotes __. | acidic - alkaline |
| isomer | 2 molecules with same chemical formula, but different structures & properties - ex: glucose & fructose |
| carbohydrates | Contain an aldehyde or a ketone group, and one or more hydroxyl groups |
| lipids | mainly hydrocarbon |
| proteins | Are one or more polypeptide chains with as many as several thousand covalently linked amino acids. |
| nucleic acids (nucleotides) | Chains of units that each consists of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate, & a nitrogen-containing base |
| waxes | Have long-chain fatty acids tightly packed & bonded to long-chain alchols or carbon rings |
| sterols | lipids w/no fatty acids - Cholesterol |
| Amino acid | Small organic compounds with amino group, carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, & its R group. Used in constructing proteins. |
| Peptide bond | Bonds formed in polypeptide chains |
| Polypeptide chain | 3 or more amino acids |
| Phosphate | In nucleotides (ATP), DNA, RNA - many proteins - phospholipids. Water soluble - acidic. |
| Sulfhydrl | -SH - In amino acid cystine - helps stabolize protein structure - disulfide bridges. |
| Monomers | Subunits of larger molecules |
| Polymers | Large organic molecule containing subunits. |
| Hydroxyl | -OH, In alcohols (amino acids, sugars) water soluble - easy place to split or join molecules. |
| Methyl | Fatty acid chains - insoluable in water |
| Carbonyl | In sugars, amino acids, nucleotides - water soluable (aldehyde & ketone) - prone to electron transfers. |
| Carboxyl | In amino acids, fatty acids, water soluable - highly polar - acts as acids - releases H+ |
| Amino | In amino acids & nucleotides - base - accepts H+ - water soluble |
| monosaccharides/oligosaccharide/polysaccharides | Simple carb/short chain sugar/"complex carbohydrates" |
| Lipids | Nonpolar hydrocarbons - don't dissolve in water - mix with other nonpolar substances |
| fats | Lipids w/1, 2, or 3 fatty acid tails - from glycerol molecule. |
| Fatty acid | Starts as carboxyl group attached to carbon atoms |
| Unsaturated fatty acid | Contain one or more double covalent bonds |
| Saturated fatty acid | Single bonds only |
| Neutral fats | Triglycerides - 3 fatty acid tails & 1 glycerol head - butter, lard, vegetable oils. |
| Organic compounds | Molecules that contain carbon and at least 1 hydrogen |
| Hydrocarbons | Consist only of hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to carbon - gasoline, fossil fuels |
| Functional groups | Organic compounds which are particular atoms or clusters of atoms covalently bonded to carbon. |
Created by:
Ladystorm
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