BIO205 - Ch 2 - Chemical Principles - RioSalado - AZ
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isotopes | Atoms w/different number of neutrons - Ex: 16/8O, 17/8O, 18/8O
🗑
|
||||
| Chemical properties of atoms are largly a function of __. | Number of electrons in outermost electron shell.
🗑
|
||||
| Valence | Valence Combining capacity of atom - number of missing electrons in outermost electron shell - "bonding capacity".
🗑
|
||||
| Compound | A molecule containing at least 2 different kinds of atoms.
🗑
|
||||
| Atomic number | Number of protons in nucleus
🗑
|
||||
| Mass number | Total number of protons & neutrons
🗑
|
||||
| Chemical bonds | Atoms sharing electrons
🗑
|
||||
| First shell | Hold 2 electrons (1 orbital)
🗑
|
||||
| Second shell | Holds 8 electrons (4 orbitals)
🗑
|
||||
| Third shell | Holds 18 electrons (9 orbitals)
🗑
|
||||
| Molecules held together because? | The valence electrons of the combining atoms form attractive forces (chemical bonds) between atomic nuclei.
🗑
|
||||
| Example of weaker ionic bond in immune system. | Antigen-antibody reaction in which antibodies combine with antigens to combat infection.
🗑
|
||||
| Cations | An atom where outer electron shell is less than 1/2 filled & will lose electrons to form positive ions - K+, Ca2+, Na+
🗑
|
||||
| Anions | Atom with more than 1/2 filled outer electron shell will gain electrons & form negative ions - I-, Cl-, S2-
🗑
|
||||
| Ion | Atom that has gained or lost an electron & carries + or _ charge. H+ = Hydrogen ion
🗑
|
||||
| Covalent bond | When atoms share one or more pairs of electrons - single stronger than ionic - more common than ionic in organisms (H-H).
🗑
|
||||
| Ionic bond | 2 ions held together by opposite charges - when atoms have gained or lost outer electrons - Ex: NaCl
🗑
|
||||
| Double Covalent Bond | Two atoms sharing 2 electron pairs
🗑
|
||||
| Triple Covalent Bond | Sharing 3 electron pairs
🗑
|
||||
| Polar covalent bond | When 2 atoms don't share electrons equally - electronegative - water molecules is example.
🗑
|
||||
| Hydrogen bond | Weak attraction formed between covalently bound hydrogen atom & an electronegative atom - DNA is example - holds 2 nucleotide strands together.
🗑
|
||||
| Solvent | Ions & polar molecules easily dissolve in it.
🗑
|
||||
| Sphere of hydration | Clustering of water molecules around a solute - multiple ions dispersed in a fluid.
🗑
|
||||
| ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate
🗑
|
||||
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid - made 4 kinds of deoxyribonucleotides - adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine. Base-pairing - the sequence of bases encodes heritable information.
🗑
|
||||
| RNA | Ribonucleic acids - made of 4 ribonucleotide monomers - uracil, adenine, guanine, & cytosine - How cell retrieves & uses genetic info in DNA to build proteins.
🗑
|
||||
| Hydrogen & carbon form __ bond quite easy because __. | Covalent - their outer electron shells are half-filled
🗑
|
||||
| Covalent bonds are formed by __ electrons, while ionic are formed by __ between atoms that have lost or gained electrons. | sharing-attraction (become + or - charged).
🗑
|
||||
| __ are weak but do serve as bridges between different molecules or between various portions of same molecule. | hydrogen bonds
🗑
|
||||
| In a molecule of water, all the electrons tend to be closer to the __ nucleus. | oxygen
🗑
|
||||
| Elements most frequently involved in hydrogen bond. | oxygen & nitrogen
🗑
|
||||
| molecular weight | Sum of the atomic weights of all its atoms.
🗑
|
||||
| One __ of a substance is its molecular weight in grams. | mole - ex: 1 mole of H2O = 18g [(2x1)+16]
🗑
|
||||
| Chemical energy | Change of energy whenever bonds are formed/broken during chemical reaction.
🗑
|
||||
| Chemical reaction that absorbs more energy than released. | Endergonic reaction
🗑
|
||||
| Chemical reaction that releases more energy than absorbed. | Exergonic reaction
🗑
|
||||
| Synthesis reaction | When 2 or more atoms/ions/molecules combine into larger molecules - "new bonds formed" A+B=AB
🗑
|
||||
| Combining substances in reaction. | reactants
🗑
|
||||
| Pathways of synthesis reaction in living organisms are __. | anabolic (anabolism)
🗑
|
||||
| 2 examples of anabolism | (1) combining of sugar molecules to form starch & (2) amino acids to form proteins
🗑
|
||||
| Decomposition Reaction | bonds are broken - larger molecules split into smaller - AB=A + B = catabolism in living organisms.
🗑
|
||||
| 2 examples of catabolism | (1) breakdown of sucrose (table sugar) into glucose & fructose during digestion, (2) bacterial decomposition/bioremediation.
🗑
|
||||
| Inorganic compounds lack __. | carbon - structurally simple - water, oxygen, CO2, salts, acids, bases, etc.
🗑
|
||||
| What 2 elements are always fround in organic compounds? | Carbon & hydrogen - structurally complete.
🗑
|
||||
| Most common bonds in organic compounds. | Covalent bonds - atoms sharing one or more pairs of electrons.
🗑
|
||||
| __ is the medium for most chemical reactions. | water
🗑
|
||||
| The total charge of H2O molecule is __ but oxygen retion __ and hydrogen. | neutral, negative, positive
🗑
|
||||
| Every H2O molecule can form __ hydrogen bonds with nearby molecules. | 4
🗑
|
||||
| solvent | Dissolving medium - ex: water due to polarity
🗑
|
||||
| dissociation | Separation into individual molecules in water.
🗑
|
||||
| solute | A substance dissolved in another substance
🗑
|
||||
| Polarity of H2O facilitates splitting & rejoining of __ & __ ions. | hydrogen (H+) & hydroxide (OH-)
🗑
|
||||
| What protects cell from temperature fluctuations? | Hydrogen bonds of water
🗑
|
||||
| ionization | Breaking apart (dissociation) into ions - acids & bases
🗑
|
||||
| An __ dissociates into 1 or more H+ (cations) ions & 1 or more negative ions (anions). | acid - proton (H+) donor
🗑
|
||||
| A __ dissociates into 1 or more H+ (cations) ions plus negative charged hydroxide (OH-) that can accept protons. | base - proton (H+) acceptor
🗑
|
||||
| pH measures? | Amount of H+ in solution - "potential of hydrogen"
🗑
|
||||
| Fungi tolerate __ conditions & prokaryotes __. | acidic - alkaline
🗑
|
||||
| isomer | 2 molecules with same chemical formula, but different structures & properties - ex: glucose & fructose
🗑
|
||||
| carbohydrates | Contain an aldehyde or a ketone group, and one or more hydroxyl groups
🗑
|
||||
| lipids | mainly hydrocarbon
🗑
|
||||
| proteins | Are one or more polypeptide chains with as many as several thousand covalently linked amino acids.
🗑
|
||||
| nucleic acids (nucleotides) | Chains of units that each consists of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate, & a nitrogen-containing base
🗑
|
||||
| waxes | Have long-chain fatty acids tightly packed & bonded to long-chain alchols or carbon rings
🗑
|
||||
| sterols | lipids w/no fatty acids - Cholesterol
🗑
|
||||
| Amino acid | Small organic compounds with amino group, carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, & its R group. Used in constructing proteins.
🗑
|
||||
| Peptide bond | Bonds formed in polypeptide chains
🗑
|
||||
| Polypeptide chain | 3 or more amino acids
🗑
|
||||
| Phosphate | In nucleotides (ATP), DNA, RNA - many proteins - phospholipids. Water soluble - acidic.
🗑
|
||||
| Sulfhydrl | -SH - In amino acid cystine - helps stabolize protein structure - disulfide bridges.
🗑
|
||||
| Monomers | Subunits of larger molecules
🗑
|
||||
| Polymers | Large organic molecule containing subunits.
🗑
|
||||
| Hydroxyl | -OH, In alcohols (amino acids, sugars) water soluble - easy place to split or join molecules.
🗑
|
||||
| Methyl | Fatty acid chains - insoluable in water
🗑
|
||||
| Carbonyl | In sugars, amino acids, nucleotides - water soluable (aldehyde & ketone) - prone to electron transfers.
🗑
|
||||
| Carboxyl | In amino acids, fatty acids, water soluable - highly polar - acts as acids - releases H+
🗑
|
||||
| Amino | In amino acids & nucleotides - base - accepts H+ - water soluble
🗑
|
||||
| monosaccharides/oligosaccharide/polysaccharides | Simple carb/short chain sugar/"complex carbohydrates"
🗑
|
||||
| Lipids | Nonpolar hydrocarbons - don't dissolve in water - mix with other nonpolar substances
🗑
|
||||
| fats | Lipids w/1, 2, or 3 fatty acid tails - from glycerol molecule.
🗑
|
||||
| Fatty acid | Starts as carboxyl group attached to carbon atoms
🗑
|
||||
| Unsaturated fatty acid | Contain one or more double covalent bonds
🗑
|
||||
| Saturated fatty acid | Single bonds only
🗑
|
||||
| Neutral fats | Triglycerides - 3 fatty acid tails & 1 glycerol head - butter, lard, vegetable oils.
🗑
|
||||
| Organic compounds | Molecules that contain carbon and at least 1 hydrogen
🗑
|
||||
| Hydrocarbons | Consist only of hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to carbon - gasoline, fossil fuels
🗑
|
||||
| Functional groups | Organic compounds which are particular atoms or clusters of atoms covalently bonded to carbon.
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
Ladystorm
Popular Biology sets