In each blank, try to type in the
word that is missing. If you've
typed in the correct word, the
blank will turn green.
If your not sure what answer should be entered, press the space bar and the next missing letter will be displayed. When you are all done, you should look back over all your answers and review the ones in red. These ones in red are the ones which you needed help on. Question: Answer: in front of something (lips to ) Question: Answer: the back of Question: superiorAnswer: above something (chest to the button) Question: inferiorAnswer: below something (knee to the ) Question: Answer: middle, toward the midline. (eyes are to the ears) Question: Answer: the side (the ears are lateral to the eyes, the little toe is lateral to the big toe) Question: Answer: the same side of the Question: Answer: affects the different side of the Question: Answer: 2 sides Question: unilateralAnswer: 1 Question: horizontal Answer: divides the into superior and inferior halves, top and bottom Question: planeAnswer: a parallel cut of the brain, it into right and left hemispheres Question: coronal Answer: divides anterior and posterior parts of the , front and back Question: midsaggitalAnswer: divides into 2 equal halves with a cut. Question: 2 divisions of the systemAnswer: cranial nervous system (brain and spinal cord), peripheral system (cranial nerves, autonomic nervous system, somatic nervous sytem) Question: nervous systemAnswer: Cranial nervesAutonomic systemSomatic nervous system Question: nervous systemAnswer: the spinal cord and the brain; the brain contains the cerebral , cerebellum, basal ganglia, diecephalon, brainstem, and lymbic system Question: somatic nervous Answer: this is all of the things that you are aware of around you. -sensory=smelling, touch, hearing-motor=voluntary action; running, walking, and shaking Question: autonomic systemAnswer: these are things that happen in the body autonomically.-digestion-breathing-heart Question: parasympathetic systemAnswer: this helps to keep the body in homeostasis-pupil dilation-decreased heart rate-perstalisis of digestion, normal function-bladder as normal Question: sympathetic systemAnswer: this us with fight or flight response (something that is stressing the system)-pupil constriction-increased heart rate-digestion slow down-production of urine slows Question: gray Answer: the outsideof the brain, makes up the nucleus body" Question: matterAnswer: the collection of in a cell Question: 4 lobesAnswer: frontal, occipital, , parietal Question: right hemi Answer: understanding, abstract concepts, , melodies Question: left hemi Answer: language, concrete subjects like math and Question: corpus Answer: connects the right and left hemi so they can work Question: what seperates the frontal lobe from all the lobesAnswer: -the posterior boundry is the central sulcus.-the inferior is the lateral fissure Question: what are the five basic divisions of the frontal Answer: -motor cortex-premotor cortex-supplementary motor cortex-prefrontal cortex-Broca's Question: cortex functionAnswer: controls all movement on the contralateral side Question: premotor cortex Answer: this helps to initate and plan Question: supplementary cotex functionAnswer: helps with complex postures, memory and things Question: prefrontal functionAnswer: helps with reasoning, decision making, and you when to do things Question: 's area functionAnswer: this helps with expressive language (either or spoken) Question: what happens if is a lesion in the frontal lobe?Answer: -can't move on side-there is impaired judgement in appropriate behavior, use bad language, and changes in personality-apathy (cant relate to others)- Broca's aphasia Question: What are the parietal lobe ?Answer: -inferior boundry is the lateral fissue-anterior boundry is the central sulcus-posterior boudnry is the parietal-occipital sulcus and to the pre-occipital notch Question: 4 of the pariteal lobeAnswer: -somatosensory -sensory association cortex-angular and supramarginal gyri-Wernicke's Aphasia Question: somatosensory functionAnswer: (primary sensory cortex) helps us since things anywhere around or on our body. helps with perceptual synthesis and orientation Question: association cortex functionAnswer: helps interpret the info you are recieving Question: and supramarginal gyri functionAnswer: helps with reading, writing, and Question: Wernicke's area Answer: the place where you are understanding and down speech Question: what happens if is a lesion in the parietal lobe?Answer: -there is loss and loss of special orientation-alexia-agraphia-anomia-agnosia-dysnomia-acalcula-hemi neglect=they are totally unaware of things on one side of the body Question: What are the divisions of the temporal Answer: -posterior boundry is the occipital lobe-anterior is the lateral fissure Question: 3 of the temporal lobe and some of its functionAnswer: -primary auditory cotex-language dominant association cortex-non-language dominant association cortex-function: important for learning and , some visual stimuli is processed here, but not most important place for vision Question: auditory cortex functionAnswer: place where you almost all auditory info Question: language dominant association functionAnswer: (Wernicke's area) for the analysis of speech and langauge and verbal memory Question: non-langague dominant cortex functionAnswer: hels with musis and environmental Question: What happens if is a lesion in the temporal lobe?Answer: -loss of attention to info-memory loss-Wernicke's or receptive apahsia-seizures-some vision problems Question: What are the divisions of the lobe?Answer: -the pre-occipital nothc divides it from the occipital from the lobe-the anterior division is the parietal occipital sulcus Question: What is the of the occipital lobe?Answer: primary and secondary cotex where the main process is for stimuli Question: what can occur if is damage to the occipital lobe?Answer: -impaired ability to process visual info-impaired recognition of color-visual hallucination-visual (disotorted perception) Question: Where is the ?Answer: under the frontal and lobe Question: what are the 3 main of the insula?Answer: -primary cortex-anterior nsular cortex-central region Question: primary gustatory cortex Answer: responsible for taste, hels with association btwn taste and smell, taste and Question: anterior cortex functionAnswer: the for pain, links painful events with emotions or behavior Question: central funcitonAnswer: important for linguistic and phonological and motor programming of speech Question: are addictions seen?Answer: in the Question: What occurs if there is a in the insula?Answer: -taste and pain will change-dyslexia, apraxia, and aphasia-seizures=may taste things before they have a seizure Question: 3 parts of the limbic and some functionAnswer: -cingulate cortex-parahippocampal gyrus and uncus-hippocampus-funciton: links raw emotion to long term Question: cingulate cortex Answer: helps with decisoin making in response to sensory data. emotional tone, contol, and emotional vocalization Question: gyrus and uncus functionAnswer: use past memory to response to certain stimuli, helps with short term memory. A relay station btwn hippocampus and upper cerebral cortex Question: hippocampus Answer: long term memory Question: What if there is a lesion to the limbic system?Answer: -hyperorality, bizzare eating and drinking habits, sexual behavior, and personality changes-loose of newly acquired memory, also called antereograde amnesia-spatial problem solving-can't control Question: What is the function of the basal ?Answer: -inhibits unwanted movement, hibits wanted movement, helps maintain muscle tone and steadiness, stores learned repetative motion, and regulates amplitude, velocity, and initiation of movement Question: What can if there is a lesion in the basal ganglia?Answer: -hypokenisias, , tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia (slow to initiate any motor movement) Question: What are the 4 of the diencephalonAnswer: -thalamus,hypothalamus,epithalamus, and subthalamus-it is a of 26 paired nuclei Question: dorsalAnswer: the back (the gluteus maximus is dorsal to the ) Question: Answer: above "head" Question: caudalAnswer: tail (below ) knee to the thigh Question: What is the point of the interthalamic Answer: to connect the 2 of the thalamus Question: What are the main functions of the ?Answer: -main relay station for info, send info to the cerebral cortex and cerebellum, arrousal attention and regulates conscoiusness Question: What happens if there is damage to the ?Answer: -localization of sensory info is not correct, cortically blind and cant process pictures, not able to the intensity of pain Question: What is the funciton of the ?Answer: this is functinally part of the basal ganglia but is anatomically in the Question: What if there is a lesion to the subthalamus?Answer: hyperkinetic (uncontrolled movement) Question: What is the of the hypothalamus?Answer: maintaning homeostasis, basic body function (sleep/wake ) Question: What happens if there is a the the hypothalamus?Answer: -it will affect a persons ability to eat or drink affectively. -Prader-Willi syndrome=subset of genes missing or unexpressed (crave food all the time) Question: cerebellumAnswer: little brain, damage to this will affect the side, holds 50% of the brian neurons and only makes about 10% of the brain anatomy Question: 3 of the cerebellumAnswer: vermis and flocculonadular lobes, anterior lobe, lobe Question: vermis & lobe functionAnswer: control trunk , and muscle close to your body: key for posture and balance Question: anterior lobe Answer: control muscles (legs and arms), helps with walking and arm movement Question: posterior lobe Answer: planning, timing, coordination of all muscle groups, helps with fine motor movement Question: What happens if there is to the cerebellum?Answer: -ataxia (inacccuracy of speech), nystagmus, tremor, and cognitive affective syndrome (problems with personality reasoning skills, working memory, auditory halluncinations, cognitive functions to hearing, understanding speech, and auditory memory Question: 3 components of the Answer: , pons, medulla Question: What are the 4 main junctions of the ?Answer: midbrain-diencephalon , pontomesencephalic juction (pons and medulla), pontomedullary junction (pons and medulla), cervicomedullary junction (medulla and spinal cord Question: reticular Answer: it regulates Question: What the functions of the ?Answer: function (relay station), cranial nerve function (cranial nerve nuclei), integrative function (heart rate/respiratoin and viseral function) Question: What if the of the midbrain?Answer: -descending motor tracts, sends visual info and auditory info, aqueduct (holds cerebral spinal fluid), peri acqueductal gray (reaction to pain stimuli or threats) Question: What if there is damage to the midbrain?Answer: vision and auditory will be affected Question: What is the of the pons?Answer: -it has relay and cranial nerve nuclei which lie in the internal pons, relay system btwn spinal cord and brain, processing motor infor from cerebral cortex and forward that to cerebellum, and processing sensation from face Question: What if there is a lesion the the ponsAnswer: coma or Question: What is the fucntion of the ?Answer: corrdintes cardiovascular (heart rate), repsiration, regualtes viseral activity, head and neck movement, swallowing Question: What happens if there is a lesion to the ?Answer: coma, death, locked-in syndrom, nerve damage, sensroy loss, hyperactive reflexes, vertigo, nausea, dysarthria, dysphagia, ataxia, hemiplagia or quadriplegia Question: What are the of the meninges?Answer: to pad the and the spinal cord, and to keep the brian and the SC from moving around Question: 3 menigeal Answer: Dura matter (hardest layer), Arachnoid matter (looks like the web), Pia matter (thinnest layer and closest to the brain) Question: Dura Answer: to the skul and is the toughest layer Question: 2 layers of the dura Answer: Peristeal (closest to the skull), menigeal (interior of the dura and adhears to the peristeal almost everywhere) Question: What is the falx Answer: dips into the fissure and divided into the L and R hemi Question: What is the tentorium Answer: a sheet that the cerebellum from the cortex Question: What is the of the dural sinus?Answer: opening for blood vessels and nerves, cerberal veins run thougth the ; the large nerves fucntion as a circulatory system Question: What causes ?Answer: inflammation of the meninges which cover the brian b/c the brain itself has no pain , constriction of meninges Question: What is the subdural ?Answer: the space btwn the dura and matter Question: Why is ther a space and what can happen in it?Answer: it contain blood vessels and ifther is a subdural hematoma they have breakage of blood vesseld and there will be bleeding in the . Pressure will increase and compress the neural tissue. TBI or borken skulls Question: arachnoid Answer: looks like a spider web, layers that adhear to the dura matter lossly Question: Pia Answer: follows the contours of the gyri and sulci, the inner layer of the meninges, it to the cerebellum and is very thin almost transparent, blood vessels run through it before they enter the brain Question: brain barrierAnswer: the brian is isolated from blood by the blood brain barrier, it functions as an excahnge of nutrients btwn the clood and brain, keeps bad things out and lets good in. 98% of drugs are not aloud in Question: Structures of the arachnoid Answer: arachnoid trabeculae, subarachnoid space, arachnoid , cisterns, and cerebellar medullary cistern (cistern magna) Question: trabeculaAnswer: serves as a bridge btwn the arachoind and pia Question: subarachnoid Answer: is filled with CSF to the brain Question: granulationsAnswer: protrudes into the dura, this is a way for the CSF to het back to the or vascular system Question: Answer: large spaces in the space Question: cerebellar meullary (cistern magna)Answer: the largest cistern btwn the cerebellum and the medulla, can be a where a shunt is put Question: muscle Answer: unconscoius phenomenon of continuous state of muscle contraction at rest, not aware of Question: mechanisms that toneAnswer: upper motor neurons, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and motor neurons Question: muscle abnormalities that result from damag to that mediate toneAnswer: , bulk, contraction, tone and stiffness Question: Answer: front |
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