In each blank, try to type in the
word that is missing. If you've
typed in the correct word, the
blank will turn green.
If your not sure what answer should be entered, press the space bar and the next missing letter will be displayed. When you are all done, you should look back over all your answers and review the ones in red. These ones in red are the ones which you needed help on. Question: gonadal development depends on Answer: Y Question: how does the presence of a Y chromosome in a male?Answer: sex-determining region Y gene (SRY) is present on the short arm of the Y chromosome and ecodes for a protein the Testis Determining Factor (TDF). This protein induces the formation of the testes Question: primary sex Answer: ovaries, Question: development of secondary sex structures depends Answer: presence or absence of the testosterone Question: Answer: testes secrete androgens and make male structures; ovaries can't secrete androgens resulting in structures Question: wolffian Answer: up unti the 7th week of development, embryos of each sex wolffian ducts (form internal male structures Question: mullerian Answer: up unti the 7th week of development, embryos of each sex posses mullerian ducts (form internal structures) Question: mullerian inhibiting Answer: causes regression of the mullerian ducts; females become females of lack of mullerian inhibiting factor and testosterone Question: chorionic gonadotropinAnswer: hormone released by the placenta; stimulates early testicular of testosterone which induces develpment of the wolffian ducts into the male reproductive tract (epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and seminal vesicles) Question: male tractAnswer: epididymis, ductus , ejaculatory duct, and seminal vesicles Question: female reproductive Answer: oviducts, uterus, and Question: external reproductive structures Answer: or DHT Question: are mostly formed after how many weeksAnswer: Question: differentiation of the male and female brain also depends on the presence or absence of Answer: testosterone Question: in male and female brainAnswer: size of nuclei, cyclic release of gonadotropin, and sexual behavior Question: how long does puberty Answer: 3-5 Question: menstruation started in 1840 at what Answer: Question: sebaceous Answer: stimulated to secreted oil (acne) puberty Question: Answer: female hormone related to period Question: precocious Answer: early puberty; early development of secondary sex characteristics; caused by abnormal exposure of immature females to estrogen or males to ; often caused by tumors of the gonads or adrenal glands Question: delayed Answer: menarche has failed to occur by age 17, testes failed to by age 20 Question: spermatogenesis best in what tempAnswer: Question: testes are intoAnswer: testicular lobules (250 ) Question: Each in the teste containsAnswer: a seminiferous tubule and interstitial cells (Leydig cells) Question: of seminiferous tubulesAnswer: produce sperm; they also contain Sertoli cells play a role in nurturing the sperm cells Question: function of Leydig Answer: produce testosterone; are outside of the seminiferous tubules Question: Answer: small coiled tube which measures about 20 feet, lies the top and side of the testes; site of maturation of sperm Question: capacitationAnswer: sperm's capacity to fertilize is enhanced by exposure to secretions of the female reproductive ; the ductus epididymis also secretes "sperm forward-mobility protein," which causes a movement pattern of the sperm Question: vas deferens (ductus )Answer: tubes that carry sperm from the epididmis up into the abdominal cavity to the ejaculatory duct near the bladder; at the end of the vas deferens is an expanded region called the "ampulla" serves as a reservoir for sperm Question: vasectomyAnswer: a small incision is made in the scrotum, the vas deferens is tied in two places and the segments between the ties are Question: Ejaculatory Answer: carry sperm from vas to urethra Question: Answer: tube extending from the urinary bladder through the flor of the pelvic cavity and then through the ; carries urine from bladder and sperm from ejaculatory duct Question: male sex accessory Answer: seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands; these glands secrete plasma which mixes with the sperm to form semen or seminal fluid Question: vesiclesAnswer: secrete seminal plasma (more than half of semen volume); fluid contains fructose to give energy to sperm; fluid also contains prostaglandins which stimulate contraction of the male and female reproductive tracts which helps in sperm transport Question: prostate Answer: lies below the bladder and is doughnut shaped; urethra pases through the small hole in the center; secretes alkaline fluid (13-33% of volume) that helps protect the sperm from the acidic environment of the male and female vagina Question: bulbourethral Answer: secrete fluid, which acts as a lubricant Question: male Answer: depends on and quality of sperm; 2-6 ml, 20 million sperm/ml, 60% normal shape Question: number of produced dailyAnswer: 200 /day Question: sperm live how Answer: 3-4 Question: sperm count per Answer: 40 million to 250 million; below 20 million may mean infertility Question: how many enter fallopian tubeAnswer: 100-100,000 Question: how many sperm make it to the Answer: few Question: Answer: fertilized Question: what happens to dead sperm in Answer: phagocytized by Question: infertility is due to Answer: 50% man 50% Question: structure of Answer: head (contains nucleus with 23 chromosomes), acrosome (enzyme filled vesicle), tail (for ), midpiece (contains a large number of mitochondria) Question: uterusAnswer: pear organ situated in the pelvic cavity above the urinary bladder and in front of rectum- 3 inches long, 2 wide, 1 thick; larger in multiparous women Question: two main of the uterusAnswer: corpus or body, isthmus or cervix (neck) Question: two main components of the Answer: endometrium (shed menstruation) and myometrium (smooth muscle, contraction of the uterine wall results in expulsion of the fetus at birth Question: fallopian tubes, , or uterine tubesAnswer: serve as ducts for ovaries (diameter of drinking straw); fertilization usually place there) Question: ovariesAnswer: the most vascular organs of the body Question: ovarian Answer: female germ cells or oocytes are enclosed inside the ovary in tissue sacs ovarian follicles Question: how many follicles do girls haveAnswer: 500,000 Question: how many are released through ovulationAnswer: Question: ovulationAnswer: production of mature egg;when there is estrogen present, the immature oocyte will go from a primary, to secondary, to tertiary follicle. the large follicle that develops during the cycle is called a graafian follicle. It is this that breaks ope Question: secretionAnswer: production of hormones Question: EstrogenAnswer: estradiol, estrone, and estriol; estradiol is the principle estrogen; produced by follicle, corpus luteum, and plaenta, stimulates development of secondary sex structures, myometrial contractions, inhibit FSH secretion Question: progesteroneAnswer: produced by corpus and placenta; stimulate development of secondary sex structures; inhibits contraction of uterine muscle Question: average human menstrual cycle Answer: 29.5 Question: day 1 of cycleAnswer: menstruation starts, estrogen and levels are low, FSH stimulates the development of the follicle (the egg inside the follicle), several follicles start to develop-follicle secrete estrogen Question: day 7 of cycleAnswer: usually only one continues to develop and secrete estrogens; others degenerate; estrogen elvels increase as the folicle grows into a graafian follicle;several days before ovulation, more LH are releases from anterior pituitary Question: day 14 of cycleAnswer: high of LH stimulate ovulation; LH surge occurs 16 hours before ovulation; expulsion of egg from the mature follicle--ovaries usually alternate Question: of ovulationAnswer: rise in body temperature due to progesterone; slight pain over ovary; vaginal secretory pattern Question: fertile period Answer: 4-6 Question: of follicle cell after ovulationAnswer: LH stimulates the of follicle cell into a corpus luteum (yellow body) Question: cells of corpus luteum Answer: and progesterone Question: day 23 of ovarian cycle if occursAnswer: the corpus persists; Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) maintains the corpus luteum pregnancy, which in turn maintains the levels of estrogen and progesterone Question: Answer: human chorionic gonadotrophin; is detectable in the blood and as early as 8-10 days after fertilization so it's used in pregnancy kits; similar to GH and prolactin; has anti-insulin effects to divert glucose from mother to fetus Question: day 23 of cycle if no pregnancyAnswer: luteum begins to degenerate on about day 23 or 24; with degeneration of the corpus luteum, the levels of estrogens and progesterone drop Question: day 27 of ovarian cycle (no )Answer: low levels of estrogen and progesterone cause in the endometrium, which initiates the beginning of the next cycle in one to two days Question: menstrual namesAnswer: day 1-5 menstrual phase; 6-14 , preovulatory, or follicular phase; day 14 ovulation; day 14-27 premenstrual, postovulatory, or luteal phase; day 27-28 ischemic phase Question: implantation takes place how many days after Answer: 6-7 Question: implantationAnswer: usually implants in the upper posterior wall of uterus; implantation Question: implantationAnswer: rare; ectopic pregnancy (anywhere outside the uterus); tubal, abdominal, ovarian Question: pregancy how longAnswer: 38 (9.5 months) Question: pre-embryoAnswer: 2 weeks after conception Question: Answer: 3-8 weeks after fertilization; most critical for damage to occur to baby Question: how much weight should a mother gainAnswer: 25 Question: during , which hormones increaseAnswer: estrogens, progesterone, HCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin which peaks at 2nd month), Glucocorticoids from the adrenal , T3 and T4 from thryoid, parathyroid hormone Question: change in pituitary pregnancyAnswer: increases in size and Question: change in volume and cardiac output during pregnancyAnswer: Question: Answer: act of birth Question: factors that contractibility of the uterusAnswer: increased estrogen levels, secretion of oxytocin from posterior pituitary, formation of prostaglandins in the Question: is divided into three stagesAnswer: 1)cervical dilation-up to 10 cm 2)delivery of the baby 3)delivery of the (afterbirth) Question: when does menopause Answer: 52 Question: menopause (what )Answer: follicle does not develop and therefore LH and FSH high and estrogens and progesterone remain low Question: treatment for Answer: estrogen replacement using premarin; there's recent evidence that ERT might not be so good Question: of ERTAnswer: relieves hot flashes, insomnia, vaginal dryness, mood swings, and disease Question: risks of Answer: increased risk of endometrial and cancer, weight gain, and gall bladder disease Question: ligationAnswer: tying off both uterine tubes and thus preventing the transport of or egg through the tubes |
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