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CTOWN Lecture 10

Intelligence & Psychological Testing

QuestionAnswer
What is the limitation of psychological testing? behaviour can vary from day to day; should interpret results with caution
What types of tests are there?  Mental ability tests i. Intelligence tests ii. Aptitude tests iii. Achievement tests  Personality scales i. Assess aspects of personality e.g. attitudes, interests, anxiety
What is the 'reliability' of a test? The measurement consistency of a test  Test-retest reliability
What is the 'validity' of a test? The degree to which the measure is measuring the construct it claims to measure eg. Does our new depression measure ACTUALLY measure depression  We never really know for sure that a measure has perfect validity
What is 'Content' Validity? Degree to which content of the test represents the domain it is tapping 1. Sampling from every dimension of the construct you are measuring 2. Having sufficient items from those areas
What is 'Criterion' Validity?  Estimated by correlating Ps scores on a test with their scores on an independent measure of the trait assessed by the test
What is 'Convergent' Validity?  To ascertain whether your measure is measuring a particular construct can correlate scores on your measure with scores on another measure that claims to measure the same construct  Comparing two peoples scores, basically
What is Binet's Contribution? Developed task-design test to identify slow learners in school o Childs score expressed as a mental age o E.g. child with a score of 8 had a mental age of the average 8-year-old
What is the Stanford-Binet test? Expansion and revision of Binet’s test o Incorporated new scoring system (intelligence quotient) o IQ = mental age/chronological age x 100 o Mean score = 100, regardless of actual age o Example of convergent validity
What is Wreckler's Contribution? Measurement of intelligence of adults
WAIS vs Stanford-Binet I. Less emphasis on verbal ability II. Scoring based on normal distribution (NOT intelligence quotient) III. Adults were scoring incredibly well in Stanford-Binet test IV. Reliability of WAIS was excellent! (0.88-0.98)
What kinds of questions are on intelligence tests?  Types vary from test to test  Depends on I. Adults vs children II. Individual vs group administration  WAIS has numerous sub-tests I. Verbal tests II. Performance (non-verbal) tests
What do IQ scores mean? IQ tests are based on the normal distribution (bell curve)  Mean = 100, standard deviation = 15
Do intelligence tests measure potential or knowledge? Designed to measure potential through use of novel questions  Not designed to tap factual knowledge
Do intelligence tests have adequate reliability?  Test-retest correlations = .90s  Better than most other psychometric tests  But…only provide behavioural sample - can produce misleading scores due to I. Anxiety II. Low motivation
Do intelligence test have adequate validity?  Most valid for predicting academic performance  Most tests .40 - .50 with school grades (criterion validity)  But… I. Bi-directional relationship –cause-and-effect unknown II. Third variable problem – e.g., motivation, effort
Do IQ tests predict vocational success?  Tend to predict job status  IQ scores > school performance > job status  Unclear whether IQ scores predict job performance I. Correlation between IQ and job performance vary
Are IQ tests used in other cultures?  Western = yes  Non= no,  Problems: III. Western IQ tests do not translate well into non-Western languages - culture-specific IV. Processes of test administration (e.g., rapid information processing) are foreign concepts in some cultures
What is Mental Retardation?  Sub-average general mental ability  Cut off IQ scores = 2SD below mean  Also need to consider adaptive skills I. Eg. Self-care, communication, home living II. But…no objective measure for assessing – subjective
What are Organic origins of mental retardation?  Downs Syndrome  Phenyltzetonuria  Hydrocephaly, destroys brain tissue
What are Non-Organic origins of mental retardation?  Maritable stability, parental neglect  Inadequate nutrition and medical care  Low quality schooling
What is Giftedness?  Above average general mental ability  Cut off IQ scores = 2SD above mean  Qualities of gifted children I. Emotional stability II. Social maturity III. Above average height, weight
What are qualities of 'Extremely' Gifted individuals?  Children introverted, socially isolated  High levels of interpersonal and emotional problems
What is the Flynn Effect? III. Flynn noticed that performance required to reach 100 has steadily increased over time IV. Performance for score of 100 today would have yielded score of 120 in the 1930s V. Increase in performance must be attributable to environmental factors
What are the possible explanations for the Flynn Effect? VI. Possible explanations:  Reduction in malnutrition  Technology gains – e.g., TV, computers  Better schools, higher quality schooling, more educated parents, better parenting practices
Created by: 523584001
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