Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Cognition Ch 8
Cognition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cognitive psychology | The study of the mental proceeses by which information from the enviroment is modified, made meaningful, stored, retrieved, used, and communitcated to others |
| information-processing system | mechanisims for recieving information, representing it with symblos, and manipulating it |
| thinking | the manipulation of mental representation |
| 5 core functions of thought | describe, elaborate, decide, plan, guide action |
| describe | when recieving information that will allow her to explain the problem |
| elaborate | able to on this information by using her knowledge and experience to consider what the disorder may be |
| decide | futher on discover the possible cause |
| plan | written action on the decsion to futher |
| guide action | futher expand the plan |
| reaction time | the time between the presenation of the situmlus and an overt response to it |
| reaction time - 2 | show scientist an idea of how long it takes for all the processes shown to occur |
| reaction time - 3 | person is asked to create a noise or to push a button as rapidly as possible after a stimulus appears. |
| stimulus-responsive compatibility | influences reaction time |
| mental chronometry | the timing of mental events |
| expectancy | affects reaction time |
| expectancy - 2 | people respond faster to stimuli that they are expecting and more slow to stimuli that is suprised |
| evoked brain potential | a small, temporary change in EEG voltage that is evoked by stimulus |
| evoked brain potential - 2 | to analyze mental events more difficulty directly |
| concept | a category of objects, events, or ideas that have common properties |
| have a concept | is to recognize the properties or features that tend to be shared be members of the category |
| Concept examples | the word "bird" includes such properties as having feathers, laying eggs, and being able to fly |
| formal concept | a concept that can be clearly defined by a set of rules or properties |
| Formal concept example | "square" can be defined as a "shape with four equal right angle corners" |
| natural concept | a concept that has no fixed set or defining feature but has a set of characteristics |
| natural concept examples | "home" can be defined as the place you were born in, the house in which you grew up in, your current residence, your country of origin, or the place where you feel most comfortable |
| nature concept - 2 | concept is FUZZY; some members of it are better examples of the concept than others b/c they share more of its characteristic features. |
| prototype | a member of a natural concept that possesses all or most of its characteristics features |
| prototype - 2 | the more ___ a member of a concept is, the more quickly people can decide if it is an example of the concept |
| proposition | a mental representation of the relationship between concepts |
| proposition - 2 | can be true or false |
| proposition - 3 | the combining of concepts into units |
| proposition examples | hear your friend Heather broke up with her boyfriend Jason; Heather->dumped->Jason |
| Schema | a generalization about categories of objects, places, events, and people |
| Schema - 2 | help people understand the world |
| Schema - 3 | generate expectations about objects, places, events, and people |
| Schema examples | if you barrow a friends car, your "car" relation will give you a good idea of where to put the ignition key, where the brakes and accelerator are , how to raise and lower the windows |
| Schema examples 2 | stereo systems have speakers, picnics occur in the summer, the rock concerts are loud |
| script | a mental representation of familiar sequences of activity |
| script 2 | shape the interpretation of events |
| mental model | a cluster of propositions representing our understanding of objects and processes that guides our interaction with those things |
| mental model 2 | accurate, mental models are excellent guides for thinking about, and interacting with, many if the things we encounter |
| mental model 3 | inaccurate, we are likely to make mistakes |
| image | a mental representation of visual information |
| image 2 | 'analogical representation due to we manipulating the objects in a way that is similar or analogous to objects manipulating themselves |
| cognitive map | a mental representation of familiar parts of the enviroment |
| reasoning | the process by which people generate and evaluate arguments and reach conclusions about them |
| formal reasoning | the process of following a set of rigorous procedures for reaching valid conclusions |
| formal reasoning 2 | known as logical reasoning |
| algorithm | a systematic procedure that cannot fail to produce a correct solution to a problem, if the solution exists |
| rules of logic | set of statements that provide a formula for drawing valid conclusions |
| rules of logic 2 | traceable ot the Greek philosopher Aristotle, have evolved into a a system for drawing correct conclusions from a set of statements |
| syllogism | an argument made up of two propositions, called premises, and a conclusion based on those premises |
| conformation bias | the tendency to pay more attention to evidence in support of ones hypothesis than ti evidence that refutes that hypothesis |
| conformation bias 2 | can affect thinking in many situations |
| conformation bias examples | people first fall in love, they notice all the good qualities in your loved ones and ignore the less desirable ones |
| information reasoning | the process of evaluating a conclusion, theory, or course of action on the basis of the believablitiy of evidence |
| information reasoning 2 | known as inductive reasoning because the goal is to induce a general conclusion to appear on the basis of specific facts or examples |
| heuristics | time saving mental shortcuts used in reasoning |
| heuristics 2 | opposing of algorthms; rule of thumb; prevent coming up with better situations |
| heuristic examples | Keys are lost - go where you would have most likely left it |
| anchoring heuristics | bias; form basic ideas that we form from schemas; have an anchor for in the future |
| anchoring heuristic | a mental short-cut that involves basing judgement on existing information |
| representativeness heuristic | a mental shortcut that involves judging whether something belongs in a given class on the basis of its similarity to other members of that class |
| representativeness heuristic | very difficult to change first impressions or past social schemas; problamatic |
| representativeness heurist example | catholic church wont allow women to become priest or male priest to be married |
| availbiity hueristic | based on vividness; works well |
| avaibility heuristic 2 | a mental shortcut through which judgements are based on info that is easily brought to mind |
| avaibility heuristics 3 | lead to biased judgement, especially when mental avaibility does not reflect actual frequency |
| means-end analysis | most general of the strategies for problem solving |
| means-end analysis 2 | involves continuously ask where you are in relation to your final goal, and then deciding on the means by which you get one step closer to it |
| decomposition | rather than trying to solve the problem all at once, you idenitify a subgoal that will take you towards a solution |
| means-end and decomp examples | the task of writing a major paper; might seem overwhelming at first, but the first goal is to write an outline |
| work backwards | starting at end of goal/backwards from the goal |
| work backwards 2 | not to miss important details |
| work backwards examples | Mount Everest: researching the last stage of the hike, then work backwards from that point; oxygen, miles before stoping, supplies |
| analogy | similarities between todays problems and others you have encountered before |
| analogy example | an office manager may find taht a seemingly hopeless problem employees can be resolved using the same compromise that worked during a recent family scramble |
| analogy 2 | must first recognize the similarities between current and previous problems and then recall the solution that worked before |
| mental set | the tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist, even when they might not always be the most efficient alternative |
| function fixedness | a tendency to think about familiar objects in familiar ways that may prevent using them in other ways |
| artifical intelligence (AI) | The field that studies how to program computers to imitate the products of human perception, understanding, and thought |
| artifical intelligence examples | computerizing expert systems can already perform as well as humans, and sometimes better |
| utility | a subjective measure of value |
| utility examples | in deciding on a major you have to think about the positive or negative utilities of each attritibute -such as the job prospectd and interest- of each major |
| expected value | the total benefits to be expected if a decision were to be repeated several times |
| expected value 2 | looking at the olds of buying a raffle ticket and actually winning the money |
| probablitities | can lead to less-than-optimal decisions |
| loss aversion | people usually feel worse about losing a certain amount than they feel good about gaining the same amount |
| loss aversion examples | people willing to exert more effort to try to collect a $100 debt, than try to win a $100 prize |
| probablities | comes to play when making a decison about extremely likely or extremely unlikely |
| gamblers fallacy | people believe that future events in a random process will be chnaged by past events |
| gamblers fallacy example | after a losing streak on the slot machine, the machine will hit |
| naturalistic decision making | an alternative approach is used when experts must find solutions to complex problems |
| naturalistic decision making example | working in organizational teams and facing limitations time and resources |
| naturalistic decision making 2 | involves the use of prior experiences to develop mental representation of how organiztional systems really work |
| situation awareness | percieved parallels between current and past experiences |
| situation awareness 2 | that they are able to appreciate all elements of a problem, as well as all elements of the enviroment within which it appears |
| situation awareness 3 | to make decisions that take them all into account |
Created by:
jksboom
Popular Psychology sets