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Social Psychology 1
Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Attribution | identification of the causes of others' behavior in order to infer their stable traits and dispositions |
| Internal Attribution | inference that behavior is caused by something about the person |
| External Attribution | inference that behavior is caused by something outside the person |
| Discounting Principle | role of a possible cause is reduced when other probable causes are present. (if you ace a test after cheating, people are likely to discount your ability as the cause of the score) |
| Augmentation Principle | role of a possible cause to enhance if effect occurs in the presence of an inhibitory cause. (If you ace an exam even though you didn't study, people are likely to think you are smarter then if you had studied.) |
| Cognitive Heuristics | simple rules (schemas) for making decisions or inferences in a rapid, seemingly effortless manner. |
| Availability Heuristics | making judgements on the basis of how easily specific kinds of information can be brought to mind. |
| Representativeness Heuristics | making judgements based on the extent to which a stimulus appears to be typically of its category |
| Anchoring and Adjusting Heuristics | the use of a number or value as a comparison point (anchor) that influences judgement of a particular stimulus |
| Counter Factual Thinking | Mentally changing some aspects of the past in imagining what might have been. |
| Descriptive Statistics | Statistics that summarize data (mean, median, mode, variance, correlation) |
| Inferential statisics | statistics that estimate the characteristics of a population from a sample of that population |
| Mean | average of the sample |
| Variance | the dispersion of scores around the mean |
| Correlation | the measure of association between two variables |
| Behavior | observable responses of people |
| affect | feelings, likes, dislikes, emotions, moods |
| Cognition | thoughts, beliefs |
| Theory | an integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events |
| Hypothesis | a testable prediction that describes a relationship that may exist between events |
| Casual research | demonstrates a cause-effect relationship between variables |
| Correlational research | demonstrates an association between variables |
| Archival Study | analysis of already collected information about people and their behavior |
| Survey | Research in which a sample of people are asked questions about their attitudes or behavior |
| Observational Study | observation and measurement of people and their behavior |
| Independent Variable | variable manipulated by the experimenter |
| dependent variable | outcome variable measured by the experimenter |
| physical harm | stress or injury |
| psychological harm | embarrassment, threat to self-concept |
| deception | researchers withhold information about the purposes or procedures of a study from their subjects |
| Material self | physical body and material objects one deeply cares about |
| Psychological self | the content of your "mind at any particular time (attitudes, beliefs, traits) |
| Social self | roles you enact and groups you belong to or aspire to |
| Ideal self | what you would like to be |
| reflective self | self-awarness; the I observing the me |
| self perception | I infer "me" by observing my behavior (body actions and feelings) |
| reflected appraisal | I infer "me" by observing how others behave toward me |
| social comparison | I compare my behavior to the behavior of others and use that comparison to infer "me". |
| field research | research done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory |
| experimental research | Studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (independent variables) while controlling others (holding them constant) |
| random assignment | the process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition . |
| mundane realism | degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations. |
| experimental realism | degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participants. |
| informed consent | an ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate. |
| hindsight bias | the tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, ones ability to have foreseen how something turned out. |
| self concept | A persons answers to the question "who am I" |
| Self-schema | Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information. |
| individualism | the concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications. |
| collectivism | giving priority to the goals of one's groups (often ones extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly. |
| planning fallacy | the tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task. |
| dual attitudes | differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habits. |
| self serving bias | the tendency to perceive oneself favorably. |
| false consensus effect | the tendency to over estimate the commonality of ones opinions and ones undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors |
| false uniqueness effect | the tendency to underestimate the commonality of ones abilities and ones desirable or successful behaviors |
| locus of control | the extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces. |
| learned helplessness | the sense of hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events. |
| fundamental attribution error | the tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences on others behavior |
| overconfidence phenomenon | the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of ones beliefs. |
| confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions. |
| regression toward the average | the statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward ones average. |
| self fulfillment prophecy | a belief that leads to its own fulfillment |
| illusory correlation | Perception of uncontrollable events as subject to ones control or as more controllable than they are. |
| illusion of control | the perception of uncontrollable events as subject to ones control or as more controllable than they are. |
| behavior confirmation | a type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations. |
| depressive realism | the tendency of mildly depressed people to make accurate rather than self serving judgements, attributions, and predictions. |
| explanatory style | ones habitual way of explaining life events. A negative, pessimistic, depressive explanatory style attributes failure to stable, global, and internal causes. |
| just world belief | (Lerner) the belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get. |
Created by:
hgkaduson
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