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Final Exam
Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 3 domains of psychology? | 1. physical, 2. cognitive development, 3. psychosocial |
| What is physical development? | The growth of the body and its organs, the functioning of physiological systems |
| What is cognitive development? | Changes and continuities in perception, learning, memory, and problem solving |
| What is psychosocial development? | changes and carryover in personal and interpersonal aspects of development such as motives, emotions, and personality traits |
| What is an age grade? | Socially defined age groups or strata, ea. with different statuses, roles, privileges, and responsibilities. |
| Examples of rites of passage include? | bar/bat mitzvahs, and quinceñera |
| what is the average life expectancy for someone born now? | 78 years |
| Define maturation | The biological unfolding of the individual according to a plan contained in the genes. Genetically influenced maturational processes guide all of us through many of the same developmental changes at approx. the same point in our lives. |
| What is learning (caused by the environmental influence)? | The process through which experience (environmental stimuli) brings about relatively permanent changes in thoughts, feelings, or behavior |
| The term for development that proceeds in a series of stair-steps with abrupt and dramatic changes, like development from a tadpole to a frog.** | Discontinuity |
| Activity theory | Theory that humans are curious, active creatures who orchestrate their own development by exploring the world around them. |
| Passivity Theory | Persons who are shaped largely by forces beyond their control |
| Universality | Belief that stage theorist propose are universal |
| Context specific | Developmental change may vary from culture to culture and even subculture to subculture. |
| What are the 3 goals of psychology? | 1. Description- describe normal and abnormal devel. 2. Explanation-seek to understand why some individuals develop differently than others 3. optimization- help humans develop in pos. directions |
| What are the 7 'key assumptions' about lifespan | lifelong process, multidirectional, involves gain and loss, characterized by lifelong plasticity, shaped by historical context, multiply influenced, studied by multiple disciplines. |
| What is a gene? | Basic unit of heredity, provides instructions for development by calling for the production of chemical substances |
| Define DNA | double helix molecule whose chemical code is our genetic endowment |
| What is a chromosome? | threadlike bodies in the nucleus of ea. cell, made up of genes |
| What is an allele? | variants, a particular form of the gene |
| How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have? ** | 23 |
| What is a karyotype? | A chromosomal portrait created by staining chromosomes, photographing them under a high powered microscope, and arranging them into a predetermined pattern |
| List and understand Darwin's 3 main arguments | 1. There is genetic variation in a species, 2. some genes aid adaptions more than others do. 3. genes that aid their bearers in adapting to their environment will be passed to future generations. |
| Define genotype | genetic makeup a person inherits |
| phenotype | characteristics or traits the person eventually has |
| meiosis | The process in which a germ cell divides, producing sperm and ova, each containing half of the parents cell's original compliment of chromosomes. |
| Mitosis | Process in which a cell duplicates its chromosomes and then divides into 2 genetically identical daughter cells |
| crossing over | when pairs of chromosomes line up before they separate, they cross each other and parts of them are exchanged. |
| Dominant gene | relatively powerful gene that is expressed phenotypically and masks the effect of a less powerful recessive gene. |
| Recessive gene | A less powerful gene that is not expressed phenotypically when paired with a dominant gene |
| Incomplete dominance | expresses traits some of the time, ex: sickle cell anemia |
| co-dominance | two genes influence a trait but each is expressed in the product. EX: AB blood type is a mix of A and B blood types |
| Carrier | Although they do not have the disease they can transmit the gene for it to their children |
| sex-linked | difference in single genes found on sex chrom (X<Y) often X linked, more prevalent in males. |
| poly-genetic | influenced by multiple pairs of genes, interacting with environmental factors, rather than by a single pair of genes. EX: height, weight, intelligence, personality |
| Huntington's disease | disease typically strikes in middle age and disrupts the normal transcription of RNA and the expression of genes in the brain. Slurred speech, grimaces, jerky movements |
| Sickle cell anemia | Blood cell disease common among African American in which red blood cells take on a sickle cell shape. |
| PKU | lack of enzyme needed to metabolize Phenylalanine in milk and many other foods. Special diet low in phenylaline prevents brain damage. |
| Hemophilia | a deficiency in the blood's ability to clot, far more common among males than females because it is a sex-linked disorder associated with a recessive gene on X chromosome. |
| Who determines the sex of the baby- the mother (egg cells) or the father (sperm cells)?** | father |
| Define conception | Occurs when the genetic material of the sperm and egg unite to form a single-celled zygote |
| Distinguish between prenatal and perinatal** | prenatal is the germinal period, the embryonic period, and the fetal period. perinatal is the environment surrounding birth. |
| What is a morula | day 3-4 of the germinal period when the mass has 16 cells |
| What is a blastocyst/blastula | a hollow sphere of about 100-150 cells that the zygote forms by rapid cell division as it moves through the fallopian tube. |
| When is the blastocyst fully embedded in the uterine wall? | days 8-14 |
| Define placenta. | A tissue fed by blood vessels from the mother and connected to the embryo by the umbilical cord. |
| Define umbilical cord | Along with the placenta, the embryo receives oxygen and nutrients from the mother and eliminates carbon monoxide and metabolic wastes into the mother's bloodstream. |
| What is organogenesis? | The process, occurring during the period of the embryo, in which every major organ takes shape in a primitive form. |
| What is the ectoderm? | The outer layer of the blastocyst, which will eventually evolve into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). |
| What is the mesoderm? | Eventually evolve into the muscle tissue, cartilage, bone, heart, arteries, kidneys, and godnads. |
| What is the endoderm? | Eventually evolves into the GI tract, lungs, and bladder |
| According to your text, how far along in the gestation is the age of viability and the weight of viability? | 23 weeks and 1lb |
| What is a critical period? | The effects of teratogens are worst during the critical period when an organ system grows most rapidly. |
| What is a teratogen? | The general term for any substance that can cross the placental barrier and interfere with proper development and harms the fetus. |
| Alcohol | Alcohol exposure disrupts the normal process of neuronal migration, the most severe being FAS- children are born smaller and lighter than normal, many are mentally retarded. |
| Nicotine | Women who smoke experience higher levels of miscarriages than women who don't. Babies of smokers are more susceptible to respiratory infections and breathing difficulties. |
| Cocaine | Can cause premature delivery, spontaneous abortion, and low birth weight, may result in later learning and behavioral problems. |
| Thalidomide | Widely used tranquilizer in the 50s to relieve morning sickness. Many who used thalidomide in the first 2 months of pregnancy gave birth to babies with all or parts of their limbs missing or flipper-like limbs |
Created by:
lindsey_jenks
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