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AP Psych ch.5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How does conception work? | a single sperm cell penetrate the outer coating of the egg and fuses form one fertilized cell |
| what is a zygote? | a fertilized egg with 100 cells that become increasingly diverse |
| How many days does it take to turn a zygote to an embryo? | 14 days |
| When does an embryo turns into a fetus? | 9 weeks |
| What are Teratogens? | They are chemicals or viruses that can enter the placenta and harm the developing fetus |
| Infants are born with ______ that aid in ______ | reflexes;survival |
| to understand the emergence of motor skills and memory, we must understand the | developing brain |
| What happens after birth with the neural networks? | They multiple resulting in increased physical and mental abilities |
| What is maturation? | Various bodily and mental functions that occur in sequence |
| What is the earliest age of conscious memory? | 3 1/2 years |
| What are schemas? | schemas are mental molds into which we pour our experiences |
| What is assimilation? | it involves incorporating new experiences into our current understanding |
| What is accommodation? | this is the process of adjusting a schema and modifying it |
| What of Pigets stages affects birth to 2 years? | Sensorimotor (Experiencing the world through senses and actions) |
| What of Pigets stages affects 2-6 or 7 | Preoperational (representing things through words and images, to young to preform mental operations) |
| what of Pigets stage affects 7-11 | Concrete operational (thinking logically about concrete events and doing math problems) |
| What of Pigets stage affects 12- adulthood | Formal Operational (abstract reasoning) |
| What is object permanence? | objects that are out of sight and out of mind |
| What is egocentric? | cannot precieve things from another persons point of view |
| What is a theory of mind? | the ability to understand a persons mental state |
| What is formal operational thinking | the ability to use symbols and imagined realities to systematically reason |
| What do researchers believe today about growth and development? | development is a continuous process children express their mental ability at an early age formal logic is a smaller part of cognition |
| What is stranger anxiety? | the fear of strangers common around 8 moth old |
| Infants bond with surrogate mothers because of ___________ and not because of ___________ | bodily contact;nourishment |
| What causes attachment? | familiarity |
| what causes attachment in animals (goslings)? | imprinting |
| What is secure attachment? | when children explore their environment happily in the presence of their mothers, but when their mother leave, they show distress |
| What is insecure attachment? | When children cling to their mothers or caregivers and are less likely to explore the environment. |
| If parental or caregiving support is deprived for an extended period of time, what are children at risk for? | physical, psychological, andsocial problems, including alterations in brain serotonin levels. |
| Describe the child rearing practice of Authoritarian? | Parents impose rules and expect obedience. |
| Describe the child rearing practice of Permissive? | Parents submit to children’s demands |
| Describe the child rearing practice of Authoritative? | Parents are demanding but responsive to their children. |
| What is Adolescence defined as? | a life between childhood and adulthood. |
| Adolescence begins with _______ | puberty |
| What is primary sexual characteristics? | It happens during puberty when the the reproductive organs and external genitalia develop rapidly |
| What is secondary sexual characteristics? | This is when the nonreproductive traits such as breasts and hips in girls and facial hair and deepening of voice in boys develop. Pubic hair and armpit hair grow in both sexes. |
| What happens to unused neural connections? | They are lost to make other pathways more efficient |
| When does selective pruning of the neurons begin? | adolescence |
| What happens during adolescence? | neurons in the frontal cortex grow myelin, which speeds up nerve conduction |
| What explains occasional teen impulsiveness? | Hormonal surges and the limbic system |
| According to Piaget, adolescents can handle abstract problems, they can perform ________ | formal operations |
| Kohlberg (1981, 1984) sought to describe the development of moral reasoning by | posing moral dilemmas to children and adolescents |
| Before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward. This shows which stage of mortality | Preconventional Morality |
| By early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake. This shows which stage of mortality | Conventional Morality |
| Affirms people’s agreed-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles. This shows which stage of mortality? | Postconventional Morality |
| The peak of physical performance occurs | around 20 years of age, after which it declines |
| Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory abilities and cardiac output begin to decline after | the mid-twenties |
| Around age 50, women go through | menopause |
| Around age 50,men experience | decreased levels of hormones and fertility |
| neural processes slow down, especially for complex tasks. Happens after? | 80 |
| hearing, distance perception, and the sense of smell diminish, as do muscle strength, reaction time,motor abilities, and stamina. Happens after? | age 70, |
| What happens with memory as you age? | We remember recent past events and events that happened a decade or two back. However, recalling names becomes increasingly difficult. |
| What type of memory does not decline with age? | Recognition memory |
| It is believed today that ______ declines with age, | fluid intelligence |
| What is fluid intelligence? | The ability to reason speedily |
| What is crystalline intelligence? | accumulated knowledge and skills |
| ______ does not decline with age | crystalline intelligence |
| Evolutionary psychologists believe that commitment has | survival value |
| Parents that stay together are likely to leave a | viable future generation |
| Happiness stems from | working in a job that fits your interests and provides you with a sense of competence and accomplishment |
| Grief is more severe | if death occurs unexpectedly |
| People who view their lives with a sense of integrity (in Erikson’s terms) see life as | meaningful and worthwhile |
| Researchers who view development as a slow, continuous process are generally those who | emphasize experience and learning |
| Those with a biological perspective,view maturation and development as a series of | genetically predisposed steps or stages |
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