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Chapter 7 LSD&BB
Chapter 7 Life-Span Development of the Brain and Behavior
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a zygote? | The fertilized egg. |
| What is an ectoderm? | The outer cellular layer of the developing fetus, giving rise to the skin and the nervous system. |
| What is a neural groove? | In the developing embryo, the groove between the neural folds. |
| What is a neural tube? | An embryonic structure with subdivisions that correspond to the future forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. |
| What is the forebrain? | The frontal division of the neural tube, containing the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus. |
| What is the midbrain? | The middle division of the brain. |
| What is the hindbrain? | The rear division of the brain; in the mature vertebrate, the hindbrain contains the cerebellum, pons and medulla. |
| What is an embryo? | The earliest stage in a developing animal. |
| What is a fetus? | A developing individual after the embryo stage. |
| What is neurogenesis? | The mitotic division of nonneuronal cells to produce neurons. |
| What is mitosis? | The process of division of somatic cells that involves duplication of DNA. |
| What is the ventricular zone? | A region lining the cerebral ventricles that displays mitosis, providing neurons early in developments and glial cells throughout life. |
| What are cell-cell interactions? | The general process during development in which one cell affects the differentiation of other, usually neighboring cells |
| What is cell migration? | The movement of cells from site of origin to final location. |
| What are radial glial cells? | Glial cells that form early in development, spanning the width of the emerging cerebral hemispheres, and guide migrating neurons. |
| What is a cell adhesion molecule (CAM)? | A protein found on the surface of a cell that guides cell migration and/or axonal pathfinding. |
| What is expression? | The process by which a cell makes mRNA transcript of a particular gene. |
| What is cell differentiation? | The developmental stage in which cells acquire distinctive characteristics, such as those of neurons, as the result of expressing particular genes. |
| What is "in vitro" ? | Literally "in glass". usually, in a laboratory dish; outside the body. |
| What is cell-autonomous? | Referring to cell processes that are directed by the cell itself rather than being under the influence of other cells. |
| What is notochord? | A midline structure arising early in the embryonic development of vertebrates. |
| What is induction? | The process by which one set of cells influences the fate of neighboring cells, usually by secreting a chemical factor that changes gene expression in the target cells. |
| What is regulation? | An adaptive response to early injury, as when developing individuals compensate for missing or injured cells. |
| What is a stem cell? | A cell that is undifferentiated and therefore can take on the fate of any cell that a donor organism can produce. |
| What is process outgrowth? | The extensive growth of axons and dendrites. |
| What is synaptogenesis? | The establishment of synaptic connections as axons and dendrites grow. |
| What is growth cone? | The growing tip of an axon or a dendrite. |
| What is filopodia? | Very fine, tubular outgrowths from the growth cone. |
| What is lamellipodia? | Sheetlike extensions of a growth cone. |
| What is chemoattractants? | Compounds that attract particular classes of growth cones. |
| What is chemorepellants? | Compounds that repel particular classes of growth cones. |
| What is cell death or apoptosis? | The developmental process during which "surplus" cells die. |
| What is death gene? | A gene that is expressed only when a cell becomes committed to natural cell death. |
| What is caspases? | A family of proteins that regulate cell death. |
| What is diablo? | A protein released by mitochondria, in response to high calcium levels, that activates apoptosis. |
| What is inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs)? | A family of proteins that inhibit caspases and thereby stave off apoptosis. |
| What is Bcl-2? | A family of proteins that regulate apoptosis. |
| What is a neurotrophic factor? | A target-derived chemical that acts as if it "feeds" certain neurons to help them survive. |
| What is a nerve growth factor (NGF)? | A substance that markedly affects the growth of neurons in a spinal ganglia and in the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system. |
| What is neurotrophin? | A chemical that prevents neurons from dying. |
| What is synapse rearrangement? | `The loss of some synapses and the development of others; a refinement of synaptic connections that is often seen in development. |
| What is multiple sclerosis? | Literally "many scars"; a disorder characterized by widespread degeneration of myelin. |
| What is genotype or genome? | All the genetic information that one specific individual has inherited. |
| What is phenotype? | The sum of an individual's physical characteristics at one particular time. |
| What is mutant? | An animal carrying a gene that differs from the norm or from the alleles carried by its parents. |
| What are clones? | Asexually produced organisms that are genetically identical. |
| What are identifiable neurons? | neurons that are large and similar from one individual to the next, enabling investigators to recognize them and give them names. |
| What is amblyopia? | Reduced visual acuity that is not caused by optical or retinal impairments. |
| What is binocular deprivation? | Depriving both eyes of form vision, as by sealing the eyelids. |
| What is the sensitive period? | The period during development in which an organism can be permanently altered by a particular experience or treatment. |
| What is monocular deprivation? | Depriving one eye of light. |
| What is ocular dominance histogram? | A graph that portrays the strength of response of a brain neuron to stimuli presented to either the left eye or the right eye. |
| What is a Hebbian synapse? | A synapse that is strengthened when is successfully drives the post-synaptic cell. |
| What is hypoxia? | A transient lack of oxygen. |
| What is phenylketonuria (PKU)? | An inherited disorder of protein metabolism in which the absence of an enzyme leads to a toxic build up of certain compounds, causing mental retardation. |
| What is down syndrome? | Mental retardation that is associated with an extra copy of chromosome 21. |
| What is fragile X syndrome? | A condition that is a frequent cause of inherited mental retardation; produced by a fragile site on the X chromosome that seems prone to breaking because the DNA there is unstable. |
| What is trinucleotide repeat? | Repetition of the same three nucleotides within a gene, which can lead to dysfunction, as in the cases of Huntington's disease and fragile X syndrome. |
| What is behavioral teratology? | The study of impairments in behavior that are produced by embryonic or fetal exposure to toxic substances. |
| What is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)? | A disorder, including mental retardation and characteristic facial anomalies, that affects children exposed to alcohol during fetal development. |
| What is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? | Syndrome of distractibility, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity which, in children, interferes with school performance. |
| What is autism? | A disorder arising during childhood, characterized by social withdrawal and perserverative behavior. |
| What is perseverate? | To continue to show a behavior repeatedly. |
| What is asperger's syndrome? | Sometimes called high-functioning autism, a syndrome characterized by difficulties in social cognitive processing, usually accompanied by strong language skills. |
| What is alzheimer's disease? | A form of dementia that may appear in middle age but is more frequent among the aged. |
| What is dementia? | Drastic failure of cognitive ability, including memory failure and loss of orientation. |
| What is senile dementia? | A neurological disorder of the aged that is characterized by progressive behavioral deterioration, including personality change and profound intellectual decline. It includes, but is not limited to, Alzheimer's disease. |
| What are senile plaques? | Senile plaques are small areas of the brain that have abnormal cellular and chemical patterns. Correlate with senile dementia. |
| What is B-amyloid? | A protein that accumulates in senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease. |
| What is neurofibrillary tangle? | An abnormal whorl of neurofiliments within nerve cells. |
| What is tau? | A protein associated with neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease. |
| What is B-secretase? | An enzyme that cleaves amyloid precursor protein, forming B-amyloid, which can lead to Alzheimer's disease. |
| What is presenilin? | An enzyme that cleaves amyloid precursor protein, forming B-amyloid, which can lead to Alzheimer's disease. |
| What is apolipoprotein E (ApoE)? | A protein that may help break down amyloid. |
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