Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Chapter 5
Consciousness
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sleep paralysis | state of being able to move just after falling asleep before waking up |
| consciousness | our subjective expreience of the world, our bodies, and our mental perspectives; a person’s awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment |
| circadian rhythm | cyclical changes that occur on a roughly 24-hour basis in many biological processes |
| biological clock | term for the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus that's responsible for controlling our levels of alertness |
| Rapid eye movement (REM) | daring of the eyes underneath closed eyelids during sleep |
| non-REM (NREM) sleep | stages 1 through 4 of the sleep cycle, during which rapid eye movements do not occur and dreaming is less frequent and vivid |
| REM sleep | stage of sleep during which the brain is most active and during which vivid dreaming most often occurs |
| hypnagogic imagery | scrambled, bizarre, and dreamlike images that flit in and out of consciousness |
| myoclonic jerks | sudden jerks, we're typically quite confused; some scientists speculate that many reports of ghosts stem from hypnagogic imagery that sleepers misinterpret as human figures |
| REM rebound | the amount and intensity of REM sleep increases, suggesting that REM serves a critical biological function |
| middle ear muscle activity (MEMA) | the muscles of our middle ears become active, almost as though they're assisting us to hear sounds in the dream |
| lucid dreaming | experience of becoming aware that one is dreaming |
| insomnia | difficulty falling and staying asleep; the inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep |
| narcolepsy | disorder characterized by the rapid and often unexpected onset of sleep |
| sleep apnea | disorder caused by a blockage of the airway during sleep, resulting in daytime fatigue;is a disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more. |
| night terrors | sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming, perspiring, and confusion followed by a return to a deep sleep; a relatively rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully |
| sleep walking | walking while fully asleep |
| activation-synthesis theory | theory that dreams reflect inputs from brain activation originating in the pons, which the forebrain then attempts to weave into a story |
| Interpretation of Dreams | 1900, Sigmund Freud described dreams as the guardians (protectors) of sleep |
| fulfillment | how we wish things could be |
| latent content | true hidden meaning |
| manifest content | details of the dream itself |
| neurocognitive theory | theory that dreams are a meaningful product of our cognitive capacities, which shape what we dream about |
| out of body experience (OBE) | sense of our consciousness leaving our body |
| near-death experience (NDE) | out-of-body experience reported by people who've nearly died or thought they were going to die. |
| life review | seeing our lives pass before our eyes; and meeting spiritual beings or long-dead relatives, all before "coming back into the body". 6 to 33 percent of people who've been close to death report NDEs. |
| deja vu | feeling of reliving an experience that is new |
| mystical experience | feelings of unity or oneness with the world, often with strong spiritual overtones |
| hypnosis | set of techniques that provides people with suggestions for alterations in their perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors; The state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion |
| stage whisperers | technique in which they whisper instructions into volunteer's ears |
| neurohypnosis | from the Green word hypno meaning "sleep"; claim that the hypnotized brain proudces a condition akin to sleep. James Braid (1843) |
| past life regression therapy | therapeutic approach that hypnotizes and supposedly age-regresses patients to a previous life to identify the source of a presnetday problem |
| sociocognitive theory | approach to explaining hypnosis based on people's attitudes, beliefs, and expectations |
| dissociation theory | approach to explaining hypnosis based on a seperation between personality functions that are normally well integrated. |
| psychoactive drug | substance that contains chemicals similar to those found naturally in our brains that alter consciousness by changing chemical processes in neurons |
| tolerance | reduction in the effect of a drug as a result of repeated use, requiring users to consume greater quantities to achieve the same effect;When more and more of the drug is needed to achieve the same effect it |
| withdrawal | unpleasant effects of reducing or stopping consumption of a drug that users had consumed habitually; The physical symptoms that can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body |
| physical dependence | dependence on a drug that occurs when people continue to take it to avoid withdrawal symptoms |
| psychological dependence | dependence on a drug that occurs when continued use of the drug is motivated by intense cravings; The feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being |
| substance abuse | when they experience recurrent problems associated with the drug. |
| tension reduction hypothesis (Cappell & Herman, 1972; Sayette, 1999; Sher, 1987) | people consume alcohol and other drugs to relieve anxiety |
| sedative | drug that exerts a calming effect |
| hypnotic | drug that exerts a sleep-inducing effect |
| stimulant | drug that increases activity in the central nervous system, including heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure; drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system |
| setting | social context in which people consume alcohol, also influences it's effects. |
| 3 categories of sedative-hypnotics | barbiturates; nonbarbiturates; and benzodiazepines. |
| narcotic | drug that relives pain and induces sleep; a class of opium-related drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system’s natural receptor sites for endorphins |
| hallucinogenic | causing dramatic alterations of perception, mood, and thought |
| methamphetamine | drug closely related chemically to amphetamines |
| flashbacks | recurrences of a psychedelic experience |
| suprachiasmatic nucleus ( SCN ) | in the hypothalamus; where 20,000 neurons are located that make us feel drwsy at different times of the day and night |
| alpha waves | of eight to 12 times per second when we're quiet and relaxed; brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep |
| theta waves | occur four to seven times per second. slower than beta waves and alpha waves. powers down to this when asleep. |
| hypnagogic imagery | scrambled, bizarre, and dreamlike images that flit in and out of consciousness. |
| delta waves | light sleep gives way to much deeper slow-wave sleep in which we observe these, which are slow as one to two cycles a second, in the EEG. In stage 3 they appear 20 to 50 percent of the time and in stage 4 they appear more than half the time. |
| cataplexy | complete loss of muscle tone |
| orexin | hormone that plays a key role in triggering sudden attacks of sleepiness. |
| somnambulist | sleepwalker |
| adjustive value | it can enhance positive emotional reactions and minimize negative emotional reacions, including the distress experienced when the nicotine level drops. |
| setting | social context in which people consume alcohol, also influences it's effects. |
| balanced placebo design | four group design in which researchers tell participants they either are, or aren't recieving an active drug and, in fact, either do or don't receive it. This design allows researchers to tease apart the relative influence of expectanices |
| barbiturates | Seconal, Nembutal, Tuinal (examples of barb); produce a state of intoxication very similar to that of alcohol; greatest abuse potential. |
| nonbarbiturates | Sopor and Methaqualone, better known as Quaalude (ex of non) |
| Benzodiazepines | Valium, to relieve anxiety (ex of Benzo) |
| Erythroxylum coca | shrub where the leaves produce cocaine |
| crack cocaine | highly concentrated dose of cocaine produced by dissolving cocaine in an alkaline (basic) solution and boiling it until a whitish lump or "rock" remains that can be smoked. |
| methamphetamine | closely related chemically to amphetamine |
| altered state of consciousness | The state in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness |
| microsleeps | brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds |
| restorative theory of sleep | theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage. |
| narcolepsy | a sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning |
| depressants | Drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system |
| psychogenic drug | drugs including hallucinogens and marijuana that produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication |
Created by:
kreadnour
Popular Psychology sets